Mexico City and Xochimilco
The Historic Centre of Mexico City and Xochimilco represents the historical continuity from the city as Aztec capital to the capital of New Spain.
The area in the Centro Historico includes an Aztec archeological site, Spanish colonial constructions and 19th and 20th century public buildings.
One of the biggest cities in the world today, Mexico City was built in the 16th century by the Spanish. They did so on top of the ruins of an old Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan. They added their own colonial churches and public buildings on a checkerboard street plan.
The major remaining Aztec monument is the Templo Mayor, its foundations dating from the 14th century. The temple was dedicated simultaneously to two gods, Huitzilopochtli, god of war, and Tlaloc, god of rain and agriculture, each of which had a shrine at the top of the pyramid with separate staircases. The site was only rediscovered in 1978.
Xochimolco is a city 28 kilometers to the South of Mexico City. There a network of canals and artificial islands can be found, built by the Aztecs.
Map of Mexico City and Xochimilco
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Visit September 1997, January 2014
Although I had been there before, I count my trip of 2014 as my first proper visit to Mexico City. From my earlier trip I only remembered the Zocalo and some unremarkable grey buildings. This time I wanted to taste something from each period: the Aztec Templo Mayor, the Spanish-colonial Cathedral and the 20th century Palace of Fine Arts and Diego Riviera murals. I started my day of sightseeing at the Zocalo. It was the scene of a demonstration, as on most of its days. To my surprise though the middle of the square had been turned into a Winter Wonderland, where Mexicans rode sleighs from an artificial snow slope and (even more funny when you're Dutch) tried to master an ice skating rink.
The Cathedral provided a much needed place of quietude. I liked its facade (and that of its neighbour Sagrario Metropolitano), which is a text book example of the Churrigueresque style. The interior is extremely baroque too, with lots of gold and bleeding Christ statues. It's worth a look, but both Cathedral and Zocalo would not get my vote for WH status. The historic center is 'just' a working city with many modern buildings too. I think it has more Starbucks cafes than there are in the Netherlands in total.
I could not remember whether I had visited the Templo Mayor on my previous visit. But after I entered its gate I was sure that I mysteriously had missed out on that in 1997. To me it is THE highlight of the city, and worthy of WH status by itself. Somehow I had always thought that the remains were just some piles of archeological rubble. But several original statues, reliefs and temple constructions can be seen in situ, some even in their original colours. All have information panels in both Spanish and English. It's a lovely site with an entrance fee of a mere 3 EUR, which includes the excellent adjacent museum. The museum probably is even better than the archeological site itself: in bright and modern presentations, it shows the found objects of the Templo Mayor in 8 exhibition rooms. I don't think there's a single uninteresting object among them.
I had a good day already, but I wanted to finish it with some of the famous murals. First I went to the Palace of Fine Arts. Although it was possible to enter the main (art nouveau) hall, the rest was off-limits to me. The murals are not on display at the moment and covered by plastic. Fortunately I got another chance nearby: at the Museo Mural Diego Riveira his 'Dream of a Sunday Afternoon in the Alameda Central', portraying figures from Mexican history, is shown. I had the masterpiece all to myself, and spent some time checking out 'Who is Who'.
Community Reviews
Els Slots
In 3 trips over the years to Mexico City, spending in total some 15 days there, I never had the urge to visit Xochimilco. There seem to be so many better things to do in the Mexican capital. And the colourful party boats and mariachi bands that define the popular image of this area did not appeal to me at all. But I kept looking for an alternative way to visit, as there must be more to this important part (and second location) of the inscribed site.
I eventually found a tour called “Pre-Hispanic Floating Gardens & Foodie Fest”, which promised “visiting one of the best-kept secrets of Xochimilco, an oasis south of Mexico City”. It was expensive, certainly for one person, but when I had an unforeseen spare day in Mexico City, I decided to sign up. The tour brings you to the village of San Gregorio Atlapulco, 25km outside of the city center and some 5km beyond the tourist boat landings. Looking at the official map, I believe that the village lies in the buffer zone of the WHS and its floating gardens (chinampas) in the core zone.
We started at the daily farmers market, a pleasantly relaxed affair with stalls selling mostly vegetables, but also fruits and (the omnipresent) chickens. A specialty of the villages in this area is also the creation of garments for the statues (or dolls) of Christ that every Mexican family has in their home, and the repair of the dolls. An urgent job due to the upcoming festivities of the Día de la Candelaria. We tasted a lot of good street food as well and drank some aguamiel and pulque.
At the edge of the village, the gardens begin. The Xochimilco area still serves as the garden for Mexico City – every evening trucks drive back and forth, picking up the fresh produce of the day. And those gardens are really a sight. We explored them on foot, crossing one unstable wooden bridge after another. The small plots were given to the farmer’s families after the Mexican Revolution, and have been exploited by them since. They continue to practice the traditional process to sustain the chinampa islands, by heaping layers of lakebed mud and soil on them yearly. Some parts we saw are really high (thus very old), others still lower. In a way, it’s a bit like reclaiming land for polders and I found the landscape very similar to The Netherlands with its straight canals and farmlands.
The farmers all have their own specialties, overall making up a great variety of products. One even specializes in edible flowers for the fancy restaurants in the city. We had lunch with one of the farmers, and the amicable atmosphere among them was remarkable. We shared our lunch with whoever came over to chat.
The farmers use wooden boats to bring their produce to the collection points for the trucks. Not all canals are navigable anymore. "Our" farmer took us along in his boat. While quietly floating, you’ll notice a lot of native trees called ahuejote bordering the farmlands: with their roots, they stem erosion and they act as windbreakers. We ended up at Laguna de San Gregorio, which is now a protected nature area with plentiful birds including pelicans.
It was a very relaxing day out in the countryside, so far away from the bustle of Mexico City. It’s a miracle that this way of living still has survived despite the neverending population growth in the agglomeration. And when you’re there, at the plots and among the network of small canals, the experience is even better when you imagine that this is what the Spanish encountered when they first entered this area, but then on a much more extensive scale.
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Clyde
All in all I spent some 14 nights in Mexico City in December 2021 and January 2022. I knew Mexico City was a very large city with a lot to offer but the city definitely exceeded all my expectations. The historic centre proper around the Zocalo area, the Templo Mayor area, the world class unique murals and museums, the exquisite interior and exterior of the Bellas Artes Museum building, and the Xochimilco area would easily cover a good week, keeping in mind the initial jetlag and altitude acclimitization coming from Europe. On top of that there are 3 WHS within the city (UNAM, Luis Barragan and Camino Real) and 2 WHS just outside (Teotihuacan and Father Tembleque Aqueduct) making it a top hotspot in Mexico and North America.
Although I'm usually not a modern building fan, I must confess that I gladly visited the Bellas Artes Museum Building practically everyday and it certainly is Mexico City's best landmark. First from the old Torre Latinoamericano at noon and at sunset, then several times from the Sears Centro Historico terrace cafeteria, before resting at the nearby popular public garden, before or after some shopping, and of course I also visited its great interior (when I visited in December 2021 none of the murals were covered in plastic yet). This building alone in my opinion deserves inscription and I would rate it highly too.
Contrary to my praise for the Bellas Artes component of this WHS, the Xochimilco area extension is the area I would suggest skipping if you're pressed for time. Even though I enjoyed visiting if only for the local nightlife experience and some birdwatching (and also managed to see the rare albino axolotyl), what is left to see does not match up to the rest of the Mexico City WHS and is just a good way to try to remember that Mexico City was once an extensive lake and canal system. That said we really enjoyed the atmosphere in the canals and floating gardens on the many artificial islands from our private trajinera (it gets very touristy, much more than in Inle Lake in Myanmar, or Halong Bay in Vietnam, with mariachi bands, and vendors selling all kinds of trinkets, food and beverages, approaching your trajinera by canoe). There's also a disturbing Atlas Obscura haunted island of dolls!
The second component which in my opinion could easily be inscribed on its own is the Templo Mayor area. The area was once the centre of ancient Tenochtitlan and was completely built upon by the Spaniards. Practically most of the pedaments of churches, monuments, and buildings in the Zocalo area were built on the religious centre of Tenochtitlan, a bit like Cusco in Peru or Ancient Rome, so every now and then, whenever some restoration works take place, more incredible remains and finds are uncovered. Most of the top original artefacts and statues are now housed in the Templo Mayor Museum (included with the entrance ticket). For example the statues of frogs, serpents, eagles, etc., the large Coyolxauhqui circular stone, the Tlaltechuhtl sculpture, the offering urns, the totems, the countless skull wall, etc. are all housed inside the museum together with several other interesting finds.
The Zocalo area and several different styles of architecture in Mexico City were certainly worth visiting and in a way the volcanic rocks used in many facades reminded me a lot of the historic centre of Lima in Peru. The highlights though were the unique murals in the Diego Rivera Museum, the Museum of the Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso and the Museum of the Secretaria de Educacion Publica where there was a great free exhibition going on in December on some of the greatest artefacts in Mexico. Unfortunately, other murals such as for example in the Palacio Municipal were out of bounds blaming Covid restrictions. Another impressive sight is the Tiffany glass ceiling of the Gran Hotel Mexico City, which easily compares to the Palau de la Musica in Barcelona, Spain.
All in all Mexico City WHS exceeded all my expectations and is by far one of the best city WHS I visited outside of Europe.
Frédéric M
I visited Mexico between February and April 2019. I visited most WH colonial towns around Mexico City and the capital itself was the fifth one.
From what I've read when preparing this visit, I was expecting Mexico City to be chaotic, loud, noisy and dirty. However, I exited the Metro near Alameda Central, only to find flowering jacarandas and ladies sweeping the street. In the end, Mexico City proved to be a fantastic world-class city, with good atmosphere. Excepting the Metro at the rush hour, it is not very chaotic, and it's definitely not dirty or too noisy.
Previous reviewers shared experiences similar to mine for the historical center. Most of its highlights are undoubtedly great! I particularly enjoyed the Cathedral with the Zocalo, el Palacio Nacional and el Secretaria de Educacion Publica with their murals by Diego Rivera, el Palacio de Bellas Artes, el Palacio Postal, la Casa de los Azulejos but I was more disappointed by Templo Mayor where few interesting remnants can be seen.
I will therefore review more Xochimilco, the second part of this WHS, mostly overlooked by other reviewers (excepting a review not really flattering by Solivagant). Actually, like he suggests, I decided that this kitsch mexican experience was not worth the long metro ride. Furthermore, I was visiting Xochimilco on a weekday afternoon when it would have been quiet, probably boring and expensive to rent a whole trajinera for myself. I therefore headed to el Parque Ecológico de Xochimilco. To get there, you need to take the metro to General Anaya and then a pesero for Tlahuac Paradero. The park has walking trail around ponds ans canals and offers many birding opportunities. This park is however not part of the WHS core zone. To actually reach it, and I believe this is the best way to visit the canals, you need to walk to the close Parque Ecoturistico Michmani. It possible there to rent trajineras, but also kayaks! I spent about two hours paddling the Aztec built canals enjoying the dense vegetation and the abundant birdlife, including a group of about 100 pelicans on Laguna Tlilac. Night herons and egrets are also numerous. It is really impressive to think that all Mexico City was a lake before. To me, the grandeur of the Aztecs was revelled by their civil engineering skills here rather than by the rocks of Templo Mayor. It requires at least a half-day trip from the center and there's nothing else to see on the way, but I highly recommend getting here to wander in the canals!
Let's finish on a note about modern architecture in Mexico City. You probably already know the many WHS (or TWHS) related to modern architecture in CDMX hotspot. However, my favorite modern building is not inscribed (and probably will never be) and lay just north of Plaza de la Republica in Buenavista. It's la Biblioteca Vascocelos. Its industrial and futuristic look, as well as its hanging whale skeleton, captivated me.
Ian Cade
We really enjoyed Mexico City; we spent seven nights here split into two batches, yet still felt there was more we could see.
Perhaps our highlight came on our first night, fresh off the plane we went for a stroll from Paseo de la Reforma into the historic centre. It was a Saturday night between Christmas and New Year as such we seemed to have been joined on our amble around the world heritage site by every other inhabitant of this massive metropolis. The incredible family friendly atmosphere was really special; the glorious ambience in Alameda Park even managed to upstage the beautiful Palacio Bellas Artes.
The next day was mostly devoted to murals, a most astonishing artistic response to the political climate after the Mexican Revolution. There are innumerable examples around the city; the staggering quantity in the department of education impresses, the quality at San Ildefonso is very high, with Diego Rivera's early 'Creation' in the theatre being my wife's undoubted highlight of the whole genre.
For me it was the incomparable Palacio Bellas Artes that really had me giddy with excitement. It is a building that could comfortably be an excellent world heritage site by itself, especially if you include its sibling across the road the Palacio Postal. The architecture and finishing details are magnificent, and the murals were exceptional. The highlights were Siqueiros' Torment and Apotheosis of Cuauhtemoc, a glorious artistic piece of nation building, though even that was over awed by Rivera's 'Man, Controller of the universe'. A wonderful take on early 20th century politics, even if you may view some of its ideas as naive it is pretty hard not to be impressed by its energy.
Just when I thought I had covered all the best bits I paid a visit to Templo Mayor. The archaeological remains of the Aztec temple were pretty impressive, but the story told by the brilliant onsite museum elevated this to something really special. There aren't many cities that have such significant remains of two distinct cultures in such a central location.
The bulk of the central streets of the Historico Centro may just seem like a grey grid of department stores and windswept plazas but having the time to delve a little deeper really opened it up. I even started to see parallels with bits of Chicago in the store fronts, and hidden stained glass gems.
On top of these sites Mexico City also had wonderful food, from the budget treats of Taquería Los Coyuyos, specialising in nose to tail meat tacos or slightly more standard empanadas from Pastelería Madrid to the higher end dining of Azul Historico, the food really impressed. My wife also pulled her special trick of hunting out some lovely districts to while away the evenings with Roma and Condesa being our favourites.
Mexico City ended up being much more enjoyable than I had expected, the sheer depth of attractions from multiple periods of multiple cultures really rewarded an extended exploration. The Aztec remains when twinned with the twentieth century murals provided two world class attractions on top of each other.
[Site 10: Experience 8]
Kyle Magnuson
California - United States of America - 02-Jan-15 -
Most reviews have covered the Zocalo, the Palace of Fine Arts, and Templo Mayor. However, I noticed no mention of the Regina Cultural Corridor (Street) which is clearly included in the 2014 Map of the inscribed area. Indeed, I personally found this street one of the most interesting areas to explore in the historic district. The atmosphere was vibrant, the restaurants/cafes are quite good, and the corridor is littered with historical structures. Moreover, unlike the Zocalo, the street is not particularly catered toward tourists, and is frequented by locals.
Based on the 2014 map, it seems the Museo Diego Rivera, which includes his famous mural are not part of the inscribed zone. However, the Secretaria de Publica (Mexico City) is part of the inscribed zone, which also contains significant Diego Rivera Murals. Unfortunately, I walked to this building, but it was closed. Nearby is the Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso which is a tremendous structure filled with Orozco murals. There is a stunning Diego Rivera mural inside as well, but sadly it cannot be photographed. Exhibitions are showcased here, and during my visit there were unique "interactive" statues constructed by Michael Landy.
Lastly, I would mention the Gran Hotel which is tucked in a corner of the Zocalo. This hotel has one of the most brilliant glass ceilings I have ever seen. There is also a delicious, though pricey buffet at the top of the hotel, which overlooks the Zocalo. The beauty of the Historic Centre of Mexico City is its diverse array of attractions that go well beyond the Zocalo. From Aztec structures, Diego Rivera & Orozco murals, and countless Spanish colonial buildings - El Centro Historico has a bit of everything.
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Frederik Dawson
Mexico City's historical zone is the last place I visited during my two weeks trip in this country, with high expectation to see the best of colonial arts in the centre of Spanish Empire in Latin America, my trip turned out to be hard to say. It was really a bad day that when I decided to visit Zocalo square, there seemed to be a demonstration or protest or something, so the police were everywhere blocking the roads and the presidential palace was closed for security reason. Fortunately that the cathedral was still open. The cathedral was really gaudy with lots of gold, especially the altars. Then I went to see Temple Mayor, an Aztec ancient site, while the museum was really good, it could not evoke my excitement, maybe I preferred Teotihuacan more than Temple Mayor.
I walked around the city that looks very alike a prosperous European city. From Palace of the Fine Art I walked back to Zocalo again, hoping the situation to be better. The policemen opened more roads, and now I can entered the Zocalo square; I took some photo and did not know what to do more. So I decided to end my city tour and changed to gourmet tour instead! I went to one restaurant near Zocalo, they served really good food from Veracruz State, because of long sea coast and international port, the taste of Veracruzana food is quite different from other area in Mexico, with interesting fresh lime, and chilli pickle. My next spot was the chocolate shop Que Bo. The shop located in the courtyard of one historic building. Visiting this shop really showed me that the richness of architectural building in Mexico City is kept inside the courtyard not the front façade. The chocolate drink I ordered was the interesting iced Hochata with cocoa powder, so good for hot day. And their chocolate was also unbelievable with unique taste likes Pan de Muerta, Mexican Coffee, and many exotic tropical fruits, so good that I bought them all as souvenirs.
I continued my food journey to try Mexican wine, taco, and etc. until dinner time! At the end I really had great time in Mexico City but from culinary heritage, not the architectural heritage! The historic complex around Zocalo is a nice place to see; at least it is the must see of Mexico and landmark for souvenir photo, but I would prefer Puebla more than Mexico City, for colonial art. Another thing I would like to point out is that Mexico City is safe, and different from I read in media especially from American reports. The city is indeed very chaotic and full with problem that actually similar to other big cities around the world, but that's Mexican and I really want to come back and see (eat) more.
Solivagant
As usual the UNESCO site is opaque about what is encompassed by the phrase “Historic Centre of Mexico city”. The superb Zocalo and its Aztec and Colonial buildings are certainly included and, perhaps more surprisingly, “an impressive series of buildings from the 19th and 20th centuries such as the Palacio de las Bellas Artes” but the exact boundaries of the site are not clarified. No mention is made of the magnificent Diego Rivera Murals in Palacio National (nor indeed is that particular building mentioned by name). Whether similar murals in the Secretaria de Educacion 3 blocks north of the Zocalo are included is not clear. Never mind – there is plenty to see which is definitely included and, even if it isn’t, it is still well worth seeing. As the Palacio de las Bellas Artes does get a special mention you should go inside to see its own magnificent murals and take in a performance in order to se its stained glass stage curtain created by Tiffany.
However, for my photo of the site, I have chosen one taken at its second part – the “floating gardens” of Xochimilco some 20kms south which were created (in pre Aztec times it is thought) for the purposes of agriculture. Much of this now is pure “Mexican Kitch” and its inclusion is perhaps somewhat surprising! It currently exists largely as a water-based pleasure ground for the city with thousands of pleasure boats and all the other accoutrements you would expect. You may feel that a gondola containing some warbling black and white Hollywood stars from the 40s surrounded by mariachi bands will come round the bend at any moment! I will leave you to decide whether you want to be bothered with this quite long metro and train journey – but it is a great place to see/meet Mexicans having fun (though you would need to go at weekends or in the evening to get the best atmosphere – I didn’t)! It is also the only place where you might get some feel for the Lago de Texcoco and its arms on which the Aztec city was built when Cortes came upon it. It is otherwise almost impossible to believe that the heaving, overbuilt, smoggy and noisy centre was once a lake bed – only where the Palacio de las Bellas Artes has sunken deep into the sands is an indication provided of the impact of water removal over the centuries. In fact it is possible to escape the tourism and explore the area for its original agriculture and for its wild life – but I did not. See link http://www.planeta.com/ecotravel/mexico/df/xochimilco.html
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Site Info
- Full Name
- Historic Centre of Mexico City and Xochimilco
- Unesco ID
- 412
- Country
- Mexico
- Inscribed
- 1987
- Type
- Cultural
- Criteria
-
2 3 4 5
- Categories
- Urban landscape - Latin American Urban landscape - Urban continuity
- Link
- By ID
Site History
2008 Not approved
Name change to "Historical Centre of Mexico City and the cultural landscape of Chinanpero de Xochimilco, Tlahuac and Milpa Alta" because of introduction of new elements
1987 Inscribed
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