Holy See, Italy
Rome
The Historic Centre of Rome, the Properties of the Holy See in that City Enjoying Extraterritorial Rights and San Paolo Fuori le Mura comprise major monuments of Roman Antiquity and the Christian faith.
An extraordinary number of monumental remains of Ancient Rome have been preserved here and have always been visible in its streets. Christian Rome was built on top of that, adding Renaissance and Baroque monuments that were created by some of the most renowned artists of all time. Its influence around the world has been both secular (eg. in law, and language) and religious (eg. the goal of pilgrimages, and the presence of the Pope).
Community Perspective: No city “comes close to Rome in terms of history, culture, architecture, and influence on the rest of the world”. It needs several visits of multiple days, also over time as they keep on discovering and opening up things to the public.
Site Info
Official Information
- Full Name
- Historic Centre of Rome, the Properties of the Holy See in that City Enjoying Extraterritorial Rights and San Paolo Fuori le Mura (ID: 91)
- Status
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Inscribed 1980
Site history
History of Rome
- 1979: Deferred
- Bureau - need more info
- 1980: Inscribed
- Inscribed
- 1990: Extended
- To include the "extraterritorial" properties Santa Maria Maggiore, St John Lateran and St. Paul's Outside the Wall
- WHS Type
- Cultural
- Criteria
- i
- ii
- iii
- iv
- vi
Links
- UNESCO
- whc.unesco.org
All Links
UNESCO.org
- whc.unesco.org — whc.unesco.org/
Related Resources
- galleriaborghese.it — Villa Borghese
- museicapitolini.org — Musei Capitolini
- basilicasanclemente.com — Basilica San Clemente
- chiesadelgesu.org — Chiesa del Gesu
- castelsantangelo.com — Castel Sant'Angelo
- parcocolosseo.it — Tickets and info Colosseum
- turismoroma.it — Turismo Roma
News Article
- Dec. 17, 2024 caliber.az — Roman Empire's most iconic heritage site might soon turn into "Disneyland"
- April 16, 2024 reuters.com — Ballet hails the return of water to Rome's ancient Caracalla baths
- Sept. 24, 2023 euronews.com — Ancient Roman 'power palace' reopens to tourists 50 years after it closed for restoration
- July 28, 2023 amp.theguardian.com — Emperor Nero’s lost theatre found under site of hotel in Rome
- July 1, 2023 reuters.com — Ancient Roman Pantheon to start charging entry from Monday
- Jan. 1, 2022 theartnewspaper.com — McDonald’s blocked from building drive-through at Rome's ancient Baths of Caracalla
- May 5, 2021 surfacemag.com — At the Colosseum, a High-Tech Refit Will Offer a Gladiator’s Perspective
- Dec. 25, 2020 edition.cnn.com — Biggest circular tomb in the ancient world to open in Rome
- Dec. 25, 2020 archpaper.com — Italy is adding a new floor to the Colosseum
- Feb. 20, 2020 ansa.it — Hypogeum with sarcophagus found in Forum
- Aug. 8, 2019 theguardian.com — Tourists face €250 fines for sitting on Spanish Steps in Rome
- Dec. 5, 2017 telegraph.co.uk — New head of Colosseum wants to hold concerts in the amphitheatre
- March 21, 2017 forward.com — Roman Archaeologists Discover Second Arch Of Titus
- July 2, 2016 usnews.com — Rome's Colosseum Sparkles After Restoration
- Nov. 30, 2015 stuff.co.nz — Rome banishes centurion impersonators
- Nov. 6, 2015 cnbc.com — Rome's Trevi Fountain reopens after $2.4M restoration
- Aug. 19, 2015 wantedinrome.com — Illicit bathing at Rome’s Bernini fountain
- Aug. 12, 2015 architecturaldigest.com — Italian Government Spending $20 Million to Restore Colosseum Floors
- June 6, 2015 telegraph.co.uk — Colosseum killing machine reconstructed after more than 1,500 years
- March 10, 2015 edition.cnn.com — U.S. tourists arrested for carving initials into wall at Rome's Colosseum
- Jan. 24, 2015 news.discovery.com — Red Seat Numbers Found on Rome's Colosseum
- Nov. 23, 2014 abcnews.go.com — Russian Tourist Arrested for Vandalizing Colosseum by engraving a 25cm 'K'
- Nov. 3, 2014 diepresse.com — Colosseum to re-open as Open Air Arena?
- Aug. 18, 2014 telegraph.co.uk — Emperor Augustus stables in Rome to be reburied
- Dec. 6, 2013 huffingtonpost.com — Colosseum Renovations paid for by shoebrand Tod's
- Feb. 21, 2013 nodeju.com — Metro Expansion Threatens Colosseum Collapse
- Dec. 3, 2012 aprimordia.com — Protective barrier to ring Romes Colosseum
- Feb. 16, 2012 news24.com — Snow damages Colosseum
- Dec. 31, 2011 ansa.it — Another bit falls off Colosseum
- Dec. 20, 2011 timesonline.com — Rome basilica vandalized, bronze door damaged
- Sept. 11, 2011 bbc.co.uk — Three historic monuments have been attacked by vandals in the Italian capital, Rome
- May 19, 2010 google.com — Chunks of mortar fall off Rome's Colosseum
- March 31, 2010 news.bbc.co.uk — Ceiling collapse at Nero's golden palace in Rome
- April 20, 2008 dsc.discovery.com — The Trajan Column will be shown next year under a totally new light. Italian researchers announced they plan to restore the column's original bright colors by "painting" it with light beams.
Community Information
- Community Category
- Natural landscape: Grassland and tundra
- Archaeological site: Ancient Rome
- Urban landscape: Urban continuity
Travel Information
One million visitors or more
Exact locations inscribed twice (or more)
Transboundary sites
Rome hotspot
Recent Connections
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Creative Cities
FilmSee www.unesco.org
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WHS inspiring "Classical Music"
Fountains of Rome by Ottorino Respighi.… -
James Francis Edward Stuart
"After the unsuccessful invasion of 171…
Connections of Rome
- Individual People
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Peter Paul Rubens
St. Helena with the True Cross for the Roman church of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme -
Goethe
Italian Journey -
Garibaldi
Siege of Rome June 1849. Garibaldi is heavily involved in hand to hand fighting at various points around the walls of Rome trying to prevent an entry by the French. An initial victory at the Porta San Pancrazio is followed by a month long siege and an eventual decision to withdraw to avoid further damage to Rome. Garibaldi goes to the Capitol and makes a famous speech "Dovunque saremo, colà sarà Roma". (Wherever we may be, there will be Rome). -
Pompey the Great
Pompey's Theatre. Wiki "not only the first permanent theatre ever built in Rome, but an eye-popping complex of lavish porticoes, shops, and multi-service buildings" Parts of the building are incorporated into other structures in present day Rome but the site itself is now largely built over. SeeSee en.wikipedia.org
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Caravaggio
Several, notably in the Contarelli Chapel -
Elias Burton Holmes
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Pausanias
Crossing over to Italy, he had seen something of the cities of Campania and of the wonders of Rome (wiki) -
Tristão da Cunha
After returning to Europe, Tristão da Cunha was sent as ambassador from king Manuel I to Pope Leo X in 1514. They walked the streets of Rome in an extravagant procession of exotic wildlife and wealth of the Indies. The procession featured an elephant named Hanno, as a gift to the pope. The pope received the procession in the Castel Sant'Angelo. The elephant knelt down thrice in reverence and then, following a wave of his Indian mahout (keeper), used its trunk to suck water from a bucket and sprayed it over the crowd and the Cardinals.See en.wikipedia.org
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Charlemagne
The church of Santo Stefano was established by Charlemagne in the 9th century. (Wiki) -
Gertrude Bell
Photo taken March 1910 -
Emperor Hadrian
Castel Sant' Angelo - his mausoleum, plus several other buildings -
Matteo Ricci
1571 enters Society of Jesus at the Roman College (Later the Pontifical Gregorian University or Gregorianum) -
Leonardo da Vinci
Worked there as an artist -
Galileo Galilei
Monastery of Sta Maria Sopra Minerva - location of Galileo's trial for heresy and of his "Abjuration". -
James Francis Edward Stuart
"After the unsuccessful invasion of 1715, James lived in Papal territory (...). Pope Clement XI offered James the Palazzo Muti or Palazzo del Re in Rome as his residence, which he accepted." (Wikipedia)See en.wikipedia.org
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Donatello
"The floor of the basilica, in Cosmatesque style, is full of burials and funerary gravestones. That of the archdeacon of Aquileia Giovanni Crivelli was created by Donatello, who was in Rome between 1431 and 1433." -
Frederick Barbarossa
Frederick I was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Adrian IV at St Peter's Basilica in 1155. "The Romans began to riot, and Frederick spent his coronation day putting down the revolt, resulting in the deaths of over 1,000 Romans and many more thousands injured." (Wikipedia)See en.wikipedia.org
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Belisarius
In December 536, Belisarius captured Rome as part of the Gothic War (535–554). "From March 537 to March 538 Belisarius successfully defended Rome against the much larger army of Vitiges."See en.wikipedia.org
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Rabban Bar Sauma
1287: He next travelled to Rome, but too late to meet Pope Honorius IV, who had recently died. So Bar Sauma instead engaged in negotiations with the cardinals, and visited St. Peter's Basilica. -
King Chulalongkorn of Siam (Rama V)
(3 June) met by King Umberto I -
Emperor Trajan
Trajan's Column. Also Trajan's Market and Trajan's Forum -
Emperor Nero
Numerous sites, including Nero's house -
Painted by JMW Turner
Rome from the Vatican 1820 -
Mozart
"In Rome, he heard Gregorio Allegri's Miserere twice in performance, in the Sistine Chapel, and wrote it out from memory, thus producing the first unauthorized copy of this closely guarded property of the Vatican" (wiki) -
Galla Placidia
She restored and somewhat expanded the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls -
Leo Africanus
Was captured by Spanish corsairs whilst on his way to Tunis. Was taken to Rome and imprisoned in Castel Sant'Angelo. Was freed and presented to Leo X who saw him as a useful source of information in thre struggle against the Turks. After travelling around Italy returned to Rome and, around 1526, dictated in arabic the "Descrittione dell? Africa" (published in Venice 1550) the first detailed descriptions published in Europe of the barbary Coast (modern Morocco, Algeria, .and Tunisia) and the gold-trading kingdoms of west-central Africa. Left the city after its Sack in 1527 and returned to N Africa -proably dieing in Tunis in 1554 having reconverted -
Helen of Constantinople
Basilica di Santa Croce in Gerusalemme. Consecrated around 325AD to hold the "Passion Relics" brought back from Jerusalem by Helena of Constantinople. They were once held in the "Chapel of St Helena" but are now in the "Cappella delle Reliquie" (built 1930). They include parts of the "True Cross", thorns from the Crown of Thorns and a nail from the Crucifixion.
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- Geography
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Located in a microstate
(Vatican part of the site) Vatican City (0.44km2 / 824 inhabitants) -
On National Border
Borders the Vatican -
Located in a Capital City
Rome (Capital of Italy) -
Contiguous separate sites across national boundaries
Contiguous with the Vatican City entry
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- Trivia
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Role of Women
House of the Vestal VirginsSee en.wikipedia.org
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Replicas in Las Vegas
"The Colosseum" at Caesars Palace ("Home of the Greatest Entertainers in the World.") -
Replica in Mini-Europe
Trevi Fountain -
Built or owned by French
The French Embassy in Rome (and hence "French Territory" and therefore "owned" by them) is the Palazzo Farnese. This has been described as "The most imposing palace of the 16th Century" -
Depicted in Mizielinska Maps
Colloseum, PanteonSee i.pinimg.com
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Olympic Venues
venue for many events including gymnastic, wrestling etc. in Rome 1960 -
Built or owned by Hungarians
(Santo Stefano degli Ungheresi is the Hungarian national church in Rome - The church was granted to King Stephen I in 1000 by Pope Sylvester II. The first Christian king of the Magyars received his crown from the Pope that year. (Wiki) -
Buildable in Lego
Trevi Fountain (731 pieces), Colosseum (9036 pieces)See shop.lego.com
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Built or owned by Swedes
Santa Brigida is the Swedish national church in Rome - In 1513, Peder Månsson, later (1524) Bishop of Västerås in Sweden, erected a new church. It was officially granted to the Bishop of Uppsala by Pope Paul III (1534-1549). (Wiki) -
On Euro coins
Colosseum on Italian 5 Cent -
In the Vatican Museums
mosaic floor from the Caracalla Baths (gregoriano profano) -
Opera
Tosca - Puccini, The Coronation of Poppea - Monteverdi, The Clemency of Titus - Mozart, Rape of Lucretia - Britten -
Over 100,000 inhabitants
147,000 (2019) -
Google Doodles
2 June 2016, Republic Day Italy 2016See www.google.com
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Built or owned by Dutch
Santa Maria dell'Anima: The church found its origin in 1350, when Johannes (Jan) and Katharina Peters of Dordrecht bought three houses and turned it into a private hospice for pilgrims, at the occasion of the Jubilee of 1350 (wiki) -
Depicted in the Ravensburger World Wide Series
Forum Romanum in Rome edition -
In Video Games
Assassin's Creed Brotherhood – Colosseum, Castel Santangelo; Age of Empire 1: An integer Colosseum for Romans, Carthaginians, Palmyrians, Macedonians; Age of Empires II: Huns: the arc of Constantine in Rome; Civilization VI: Colosseum; Civilization VII: Colosseum -
Reportedly haunted locations
The Colosseum "was reported to be haunted according to some witnesses and researchers' testimonies. Visitors have described observing ghostly figures wandering the staircases. There have been reports of hearing the cheers and screams from a crowd while no sign of people in the particular section. The vaults were, reportedly, active by the spirits of gladiators waiting to fight, actors waiting to perform, and prisoners becoming prepared for execution. Several accounts of cold touches or pushes have been felt by both tourists and employees. Sounds of animals have also been heard within the vaults."See en.wikipedia.org
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Tobu World Square
Colosseum -
One million visitors or more
Overall, attendance at the Colosseum reached nearly 12.3 million in 2023 // Colosseum and Forum Romanum: 6.408.652 (2016) -
Former Largest Cities
From 0-300 A.D. -
Major City Centres
2.7 million/1485ha -
WHS inspiring "Classical Music"
Fountains of Rome by Ottorino Respighi. (1916). The "Tone Poem" contains 4 movements covering 4 named fountains. 3 of which are within the inscribed area of Rome (Triton, Trevi & Medici Gardens)See en.wikipedia.org
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Built or owned by Poles
Santo Stanislao dei Polacchi is the Polish national church in Rome - Papa Gregorio XIII concesse la chiesa al cardinale polacco Stanislao Osio, che nel 1580 fece rifare completamente la chiesa, che divenne chiesa nazionale dei polacchi a Roma, e la dedicò al patrono della Polonia, san Stanislao Szczepanowski. (Wiki)
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- History
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Roman monuments converted into churches
Pantheon -
Byzantine Empire and Civilization
After the Lombard invasion of Italy (569–572), the city remained nominally Byzantine, but in reality, the popes pursued a policy of equilibrium between the Byzantines, the Franks, and the Lombards (wiki) -
Via Francigena
Final destination -
Assassinations
(Forum near East Portico) Julius Caesar (Mar 15 44BC) -
Historical Food Remains
Archaeologists found seeds of fruits such as figs, grapes and melons in the drainage system under the Colosseum in Rome. Traces of olives and nuts were also found. These were probably eaten by the spectators as snacks.See www.standaard.be
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Popes
Rome with Holy See's exterritorial rights -
Sieges and Battles
At least 6See en.wikipedia.org
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Medici
Villa Medici -
Treaties
Treaty of Rome 25 March 1957 (establishing the European Economic Community and the Euratom Treaty were signed at the Palazzo dei Conservatori on Capitoline Hill in Rome). In Palazzo dei Conservatori & Lateran Palace - Lateran Treaty 1929. Established the independence of The Vatican and varies "exclaves" of the Vatican state within Rome. This included the Lateran Palace which is now the Museo Storico Vaticano -
Famous suicides
Lucretia. She became a symbol of chastity after she preferred committing suicide to living the shame of having been raped. -
Republic of Genoa
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Declarations of Independence
Lateran Palace: Lateran Treaty, which recognised Vatican City as an independent state under the sovereignty of the Holy SeeSee en.wikipedia.org
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Residences of Roman Emperors
Numerous on the "Palatine Hill". "From the start of the Empire (27 BC) Augustus built his palace there and the hill gradually became the exclusive domain of emperors; the ruins of the palaces of at least Augustus (27 BC – 14 AD), Tiberius (14 – 37 AD) and Domitian (81 – 96 AD) can still be seen......The great fire of 64 AD destroyed Nero's palace, but he replaced it by 69 AD with the even larger Domus Aurea over which was built Domitian's Palace"See en.wikipedia.org
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- Architecture
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Significant frescoes removed and displayed at a museum
The frescoes from Casa della Farnesina are on display at the Museo Nazionale Romano. -
Moorish revival
Tempio Maggiore -
Carrara marble
Pantheon, Trajan's Column, Column of Marcus Aurelius -
Pre-Romanesque
Santa Prassede -
Designed by Pirro Ligorio
Nimfeo di Villa Giulia -
Designed by Donato Bramante
Temple in the cloister of the San Pietro in Montorio Church, Cloister of Santa Maria della Pace Church -
Sites from antiquity with identified architects
Apollodorus of Damascus designed Trajan's Forum, the Temple of Trajan, and Trajan's Column. Cocceius Auctus built the original Pantheon. Rabirius designed the Flavian Palace. -
Grotesques
Domus Aurea -
Domes
Pantheon - 43.4m Unreinforced concrete - Largest dome in world between 128-1881 -
Created by Michelangelo
Castel Sant' Angelo -
Mosaic art
Mosaics in several churches and Roman buildings -
Romanesque
"examples of buildings from this period include the Torre delle Milizie, the Torre dei Conti, and the churches of Santi Quattro Coronati, Santa Prassede, Santa Maria in Cosmedin, and Santa Maria in Aracoeli." (Wiki) -
Neoclassical architecture
Monument to Vittorio Emanuele II -
Baroque
"it was in Rome that Baroque art was born and then spread throughout Europe and to other continents." (OUV) -
Cosmatesque
Among the churches decorated in cosmatesque style in Rome, the most noteworthy are Santa Maria in Trastevere, St. John Lateran, San Lorenzo fuori le Mura, San Saba, San Paolo fuori le Mura, Santa Maria in Aracoeli, Santa Maria in Cosmedin, Santa Maria Maggiore, San Crisogono,[10] San Clemente, Santa Prassede, Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, (wiki)See en.wikipedia.org
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Renaissance
"the Renaissance and Baroque fountains" (OUV) -
Architectural design competitions
De Sanctis won a competition to design the Spanish Steps in 1717. -
Italian fascist architecture
Viale Aventino with Palazzio FAO (originally intended for the Ministry of Colonies when planned in 1938) -
Gothic
Santa Maria sopra Minerva Church
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- Damaged
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Terrorist Attacks
The Great Synagogue of Rome attack took place on 9 October 1982. It which was carried out by armed Palestinian terrorists at the entrance to the Great Synagogue, situated in the historic district of Rome. A 2-year-old toddler was killed in the attack, while 37 civilians were injured.See en.wikipedia.org
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Destroyed or damaged by Earthquake
Baths of Caracalla damaged in the earthquake that destroyed L'Aquila in 2009
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- World Heritage Process
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Country gained extra WHS by an extension
Inscribed as "Historic Centre of Rome" in 1980. Extended to include Holy See properties in 1990 -
Exact locations inscribed twice (or more)
"The Via Appia in Rome, from the 1st to the 13th mile" partly overlaps with the Rome WHS (inc. Baths of Caracalla) -
Extended
1990: To include the extraterritorial properties Santa Maria Maggiore, St John Lateran and St. Paul's Outside the Wall -
Minor modifications after inscription
2015: "extends the property boundary to the walls of Urban VIII in order to include the Gianicolo quarter, the Palazzo di Giustizia, the Bridges Margherita, Cavour and Umberto, essential achievements of the 19th century urbanism, as well as the bridge and the Castel Sant’Angelo." -
First inscriptions
Holy See 1980 (together with Italy) -
Transboundary sites
Italy and the Holy See
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- Religion and Belief
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Serapea
3 are known of (all Wiki) : Regio Terte "within the city of Rome was named Isis et Serapis because it contained a temple dedicated to the two Egyptian deities" Campus Martius - "The temple was finally built by Gaius Caligula on the area known as Campus Martius, between the Saepta Julia and the Temple of Minerva and the Temple of Minerva circa 37-41 CE" Quirinal Hill - "The temple built on Quirinal Hill and dedicated to Serapis was, by most surviving accounts, the most sumptuous and architectonically ambitious of those built on the hill; its remains are still visible between Palazzo Colunna and the Pontifical Gregorian University" .See en.wikipedia.org
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Legends and Folk Myths
Romulus & Remus, the Aeneid -
Christian Pilgrimage Sites
"The Eternal City was for centuries, and remains today, a symbol and one of the most venerable goals of pilgrimages, thanks to the Tombs of Apostles, the Saints and Martyrs, and to the presence of the Pope." (OUV) -
Anglican churches outside of the Commonwealth
All Saints' Church: "George Edmund Street, a prominent Victorian architect, comes to Rome to see through the building of the new English church. He comes up with the plan for the construction of a Gothic-Revival church which will be built in a plot of land offered by the Comune in the Via del Babuino, on the site of a former convent." (1876) -
Jewish religion and culture
Jewish ghetto -
Benedictines
St. Paul outside the Walls -
Mentioned in the Bible
Acts 28:16 - Paul reaches Rome -
Marian Shrines
Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore - the first Marina church in Rome which houses the "Salus Populi Romani", the most important Marian icon in the city. Our Lady of the Catacombs "Shrine in the cemetery of St. Priscilla in Rome. Beneath the basilica of St. Sylvester and above the cemetery is a fresco painting of the Blessed Virgin holding the Child Jesus on her knee. It is considered one of the first images of the Madonna, dating from about A.D. 170. Though the colors have faded and the features are blurred, it is a witness to the Church's ancient devotion to Mary. The figure standing at her left is most likely the prophet Isaiah, who foretold the Virginal conception of the Messiah." -
Mithraism
Under Santo Stefano Rotondo and Basilica di San Clemente -
Relics from John the Baptist
A fragment of the "head" is held in the Church of San Silvestre in Capite (Named after the "head") -
Religious Relics
Basilica of st John Lateran - Table from thre Last supper -
Jesuit Order
Saint Ignatius' Church and Jesus Church -
Carmelites
Chiesa di Santa Maria della Scala, by the Discalced CarmelitesSee en.wikipedia.org
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Axis Mundi
Umbilicus urbis Romae, a structure in the Roman Forum from where all the Roman roads parted.See en.wikipedia.org
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Holy Door
There are Holy Doors in the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran, Santa Maria Maggiore and the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls.See en.wikipedia.org
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Cadaver tombs
the tomb of Bishop Gonsalvi (1298) and that of Cardinal Gonsalvo (1299) (both located at the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore) (wiki) -
Cathedrals
Basilica of St. John Lateran -
Female Christian Mystics
(St) Catherine of Siena (1347-80). The Church of Sta Maria sopra Minerva - “Saint Catherine of Siena is buried here (except her head, which is in the Basilica of San Domenico in Siena). Beyond the sacristy, the room where she died in 1380 was reconstructed here by Antonio Barberini in 1637”See en.wikipedia.org
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Theatines
The minor basilica Sant'Andrea della Valle is the general seat for the religious order of the Theatines.See en.wikipedia.org
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Eastern Catholic Churches
Sant'Atanasio is Greek Byzantine Catholic -
Greek Orthodox churches outside Greece
Sant'Atanasio a Via del Babuino (Graeco-Byzantine rite) San Basilio agli Orti Sallustiani (Graeco-Byzantine rite) Santa Maria in Cosmedin (Graeco-Melchite rite) San Teodoro al Palatino (Greek-Orthodox rite) -
Carthusian Order
Certosa di Santa Maria degli AngeliSee it.wikipedia.org
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Sacred Forests or Groves
A sacred grove behind the House of the Vestal Virgins on the edge of the Roman Forum lingered until its last vestiges were burnt in the Great Fire of Rome in 64 CE. -
Hercules
Defeated the monster Cacus. He then (Wiki)"founded an altar, the Ara Maxima, where later the Forum Boarium, the cattle market of Rome, was held. Rome erected temples to Hercules in the area, including the still extant Temple of Hercules Victor. It is believed that a large stone in the nearby church of Santa Maria in Cosmedin is what is left of the Ara Maxima." -
St Paul was here
The Papal Basilica of St Paul Outside the Walls "was founded by the Roman Emperor Constantine I over the burial place of St Paul, where it was said that, after the Apostle's execution, his followers erected a memorial, called a cella memoriae. In 386, Emperor Theodisius I began erecting a much larger and more beautiful basilica with a nave and four aisles with a transept ........ In 2002, an 8 foot long marble sarcophagus, inscribed with the words "PAULO APOSTOLO MART" ("Paul apostle martyr") was discovered during excavations around the Basilica ... Vatican archaeologists declared this to be the tomb of Paul the Apostle in 2005] In June 2009, Pope Benedict XVI announced excavation results concerning the tomb. The sarcophagus was not opened but was examined by means of a probe, which revealed pieces of incense, purple and blue linen, and small bone fragments. The bone was radiocarbon-dated to the 1st or 2nd century. According to the Vatican, these findings support the conclusion that the tomb is Paul's" (Wiki) -
Early Christianity
A number of the Catacombs were constructed by Christians in 2nd century for burials and some services. There are some reamins from that period e.g Mural of Christ Teaching the Apostles ("Last Supper"), Catacomb of Domitilla, Rome, c. 300 AD. -
Nymphaeum
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Virginity
House of the Vestals, located just behind the circular Temple of Vesta at the eastern edge of the Roman Forum between the Regia and the Palatine Hill.See www.unrv.com
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- Human Activity
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Changing of the Guard ceremonies
Ceremony performed on Sundays at 18:00 from June to September and at 16:00 the rest of the year in front of the Quirinal Palace. -
Locations for playing sport
Ludus Magnus, Circus Maximus, Nero's Circus, Maxentius' Circus, Circus Flaminius, Circus Varianus -
Museum History
Musei capitolini - "The Musei Capitolini, a peerless and precious ancient-art collection, are traditionally viewed as the world's oldest public museum. In 1471 pope Sixtus IV 'donated" to the Roman People a group of ancient artefacts that had previously been housed in the Lateran, amongst which are the She-Wolf, the city's own symbol, the colossal head of Constantine with hand and globe, the Spinarius and the Camillus." -
Thanatourist destination
Colosseum: "Some also regard it as one of the oldest dark-tourism sites, because the arena was in Ancient Roman times used for brutal bloodbath “games” such as gladiator fights and throwing people sentenced to death to the lions or other wild animals – all to the public delight of tens of thousands of spectators." -
Tramways
See en.wikipedia.org
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Frescoes or murals by famous painters
Andrea Pozzo: Corridor of Casa Professa, Ceiling of Saint Ignatius's Church, Refectory of Holy Heart's Convent of Trinità dei Monti -
Historical Graffiti
Catacombs: Renaissance-era graffiti and Early Christian funeral graffitiSee www.forbes.com
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Spice Route
Horrea Piperataria, an ancient warehouse in the Roman Forum used to store pepper and spice in the imperial period. -
Stone Quarries
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Grand Tour
In essence, the Grand Tour was neither a scholarly pilgrimage nor a religious one, though a pleasurable stay in Venice and a residence in Rome were essential. (wiki) -
Paintings by Venetian Vedutisti
Rome (all vedutisti) -
Nuclear power
Fermi's laboratorySee museum.cref.it
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Mints
The smallest issuing mint in the world belongs to the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, in the City of Rome. -
Petrosomatoglyphs
The Church of San Sebasiano Fuori le Mura contains a stone "carrying the alleged footprints of Jesus related to the episode of "Quo Vadis" in the apocryphal Acts of Peter"See www.alamy.com
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- Constructions
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Martyrium
Santo Stefano RotondoSee en.wikipedia.org
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Theatres and Opera Houses
Roman theatre -
Aqueduct
"the water systems (drainage, aqueducts" (OUV) -
Obelisk
"There are eight ancient Egyptian and five ancient Roman obelisks in Rome" (wiki)See en.wikipedia.org
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Prayer Labyrinth
Castel Sant Angelo -
Ossuary
Santa Maria della Concezione dei Cappuccini -
Sites of Parliament
Madama palace (Italian Senate) and Montecitorio palace (Italian Chamber of Deputies) -
Baths
Baths of Caracalla, Bath of Diocletian, Bath of Titus, Bath of Trajan -
Mausolea
Hadrian's Mausoleum (now Sant'Angelo Castle) and Augustus's Mausoleum -
Walled cities
Aurelian WallsSee en.wikipedia.org
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Pyramids
Pyramid of Cestius -
Triumphal Arches
Arch of Constantine, Arch of Septimius Severus, Arch of Drusus, Arch of Gallienus, Arch of Janus, Arch of Titus, Arco degli Argentari -
Music Academies
Conservatorio Santa Cecilia -
Large squares
Piazza del Popolo, 14000 m2 -
Prison
Castel Sant'Angelo was used as a prison for the Vatican. Also the Carcere Mamertino which dates back to the 7th century BC (Livy). Many famous prisoners including St Peter. -
Tunnels
Passetto di Borgo (1277) - 800 metres Connects Vatican with Castel Sant'Angelo for Popes to escape -
Monumental Fountains
Trevi, Fountain of the Four Rivers, Triton Fountain -
Cisterns
Excavations underneath the area of the Trevi Fountain -
Historic Pharmacies
Farmacia di S. Maria della Scala (17th century pharmacy to the Papal Court, above an operating pharmacy, in a Carmelite monastery) -
Historical Cafés
Greco, 18th century -
Passage of the Sun
Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Marteri -
Zero Mile or Kilometer Markers
The "Umbilicus Urbis" ("Navel of the city") was the designated centre of Rome from which distances were measured. It was situated in the Forum and the remains exist today as a 2mtre high brick structure with a plaque. The "Milliarium Aureum" ("Golden Milestone") was a gilded monument erected by Augustus Caesar in the Forum. Whether it was the same as the earlier Umbilicus is not clear - nor whether some remains existing and marked as such today in the Forum were part of that monument. Today's Italian "Zero Kilometer Stone" is on Capitoline Hil. -
Mazes
Villa Altieri -
Loggia
Farnese Palace, House of the Knights of Rhodes, Quirinale Palace -
Leaning Tower
Torre delle Milizie -
Cryptoporticus
Domus Aurea and Palatinum -
Tetrapylon
Arch of JanusSee en.wikipedia.org
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Carillons
St. Paul's Within the Walls -
Equestrian Statues
Numerous - Marcus Aurelius (late 2nd C). Only a replica is on display in the Campidoglio see link. Also Victor Emmanuel II (PiazzaVenezia/Capitoline hill), Umberto II (Villa Borghese), Garibaldi (1895 - Piazza Garibaldi), Anita Garibaldi (1932 - nr Piazza Garibaldi), Skanderbeg (Plaza Albania) and Carlo Alberto (Quirinale)See en.wikipedia.org
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Cenotaph
Lapis Niger at the Roman Forum -
Columbarium
The Columbarium of Pomponius HylasSee en.wikipedia.org
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Roman amphitheatres
Roman amphitheatre: Colosseum, Castrense Amphiteatre -
Horse Stables
Stables of Emperor Augustus -
Quadriga
Atop each wing of the "Altare della Patria", the monument to Victor Emmanuele IISee en.wikipedia.org
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Tomb of the Unknown soldier
Piazza Venezia. "One side of the Piazza is the site of Italy's Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in the Altare della Patria part of the imposing Monument to Vittorio Emanuele II, first king of Italy". (Wiki) -
Asklepieion
Tiber Island - "Being a seat of the ancient temple of Asclepius and later a hospital, the island is associated with medicine and healing."... "Faint vestiges of Aesculapius' rod with an entwining snake are still visible on the "prow"." SeeSee en.wikipedia.org
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Magic Squares
SATOR at Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore. Engraved on a wall in the basement, originally a Roman house from 4th century -
Notable Bridges
Ponte Sant'Angelo with Bernini's statuesSee en.wikipedia.org
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Monumental Columns
Trajan's Column - "Trajan's Column is a Roman triumphal column in Rome, Italy, that commemorates Roman emperor Trajan's victory in the Dacian Wars. ... Completed in AD 113, the freestanding column is most famous for its spiral bas relief, which depicts the wars between the Romans and Dacians (101–102 and 105–106). Its design has inspired numerous victory columns, both ancient and modern." & Column of Marcus Aurelius "The Column of Marcus Aurelius is a Roman victory column in Piazza Colonna, Rome, Italy." & Column of the Phocas - "The Column of Phocas is a Roman monumental column in the Roman Forum of Rome, Italy, built when Rome was part of the Eastern Roman Empire after reconquest from the Kingdom of the Ostrogoths.....Erected in front of the Rostra and dedicated or rededicated in honour of the Eastern Roman Emperor Phocas on August 1, 608 AD, it was the last addition made to the Forum Romanum". -
Catacombs
"The Catacombs of Rome are former underground burial grounds that date from the second to the fifth century and were principally used by Christians and Jews."See www.rome.net
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Eternal Flames
At the Tomb of the Unknown Warrier at the Victor Emmanuel Monument since 1921. Also the Temple of Vesta held the sacred flame until 391 when Emperor Theodocius banned pagan worship.
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- WHS on Other Lists
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New Seven Wonders of the World
Colosseum -
World Monuments Watch (past)
Rome - Farnese Nymphaeum (2008) Cimitero Acattolico (2006) , Temple of Portunus (2006), Temple of Hercules (1996), Santi Quattro Coronati Cloister (2000), Nero's palace - Domus Aurea (1996), Neopitagorica Basilica (1998, 1996), Santi Ambrogio and Carlo al Corso (1996) Arch of Janus (2016) -
Creative Cities
FilmSee www.unesco.org
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- Timeline
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Built in the 6th century BC
Antiquity: 508 BC, start of the Roman Republic, centered around the Forum Romanum -
Built in the 16th century
Renaissance: The existing design of the Piazza del Campidoglio and the surrounding palazzi was created by Renaissance artist and architect Michelangelo Buonarroti in 1536-1546. (wiki)
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- WHS Hotspots
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Rome hotspot
Rome is the center
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- Science and Technology
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Astronomy and Astrology
Pantheon: "The monument acts like a giant sundial with a dark interior"
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- WHS Names
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Longest WHS names
Historic Centre of Rome, the Properties of the Holy See in that City Enjoying Extraterritorial Rights and San Paolo Fuori le Mura - 107 letters
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- 18
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Featured in the Go Jetters
Series 1: Episode 14: The Colosseum -
James Bond in Movies
Spectre (2015) -
Asterix
Astérix gladiateur / Asterix the GladiatorSee en.wikipedia.org
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Shakespearean plays
Julius Caesar, Titus Andronicus -
Location for a classic movie
Roman Holiday (1953, preserved in the United States National Film Registry) / "L'AGE D'OR" (BUNUEL & DALI/1930) WITH VARIOUS SHOTS OF ROME / "LA DOLCE VITA" (FELLINI/1960) AT FONTANA DI TREVI AND OTHERS Palme d'Or at Cannes FF. / "SATYRICON" (FELLINI/1969) AT COLOSSEUM Best Italian Film at Venice FF. / "NOSTALGHIA" (TARKOVSKY/1982) AT CAMPIDOGLIO AND ON VIA CONDOTTI Best Director & FIPRESCI Award at Cannes FF. -
In The Simpsons
“The Italian Bob” (2005)
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News
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In early October, I spent a fruitful 5 days in Rome. After 27 years, the Eternal City was a long overdue revisit for me. The trip was with my Art History friends, so we dipped into a lot of churches to look at a sculpture or a painting. There's an overwhelming amount of things to see, and the sights with specific time slots need pre-booking at least 3 weeks beforehand. Still, a lot can be seen for free, such as the Fora from modern street level and all monumental churches.
They keep on discovering and opening up things to the public, so a revisit every decade or so will be rewarding. Three of the more recent additions/renovations that I enjoyed (pictured top – left - right):
- The interconnected (2019) Forum Romanum and Imperial Fora bring more attention to the latter, such as the splendid Trajan’s Forum and Markets.
- Domus of Vigna Guidi at the Baths of Caracalla (frescoes on display since 2022).
- Temple of Hercules Victor (restored by World Monuments Fund 1996-1998)
Overall, I liked the Ancient Roman remains better than the later religious art. Hubert in his review already gave a good overview of the lesser-visited highlights. I’d like to add:
- Palazzo Barberini (great paintings in an always quiet setting)
- Aurelian Walls, with Porta Asinaria and Porta San Giovanni
- Fountain of the Four Rivers at the Piazza Navona
The visit furthermore was very pleasant overall. We …
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I'm not sure what I can say you you wouldn't already know about Rome. It's an incredible city full of history and heritage. The struggle here, I imagine, was choosing what to leave out of the WHS listing.
I have been to Rome a few times but on my most recent trip, made the effort to see parts of the Roman Forum and Palatine Hill that I hadn't seen before. I found it really interesting to go deeper into the history and concentrate on just one or two of the important sites in the city. I think if you rush through Rome then you don't do it justice.
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I've been to the parts of Rome that comprise this UNESCO site twice-back in 2011 and in 2014. There's nothing quite like sitting in a taxi, heading into Rome for the first time, and rounding the corner to see the ruins of the Forum.
Today the remains are mostly a jumble of what was rescued from archeological digs. Many of the main sites were covered in 20-30 feet of dirt and debris until the 19th century.
It's been a while since I've been, so I don't have great practical tips. However, here's the interview I just conducted about the Roman Forum that goes much deeper into its history: The Roman Forum.
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Rome is a world-class city full of architectural wonders, as well as my favorite Italian gastronomic delight -- gelato. After spending hours in the sun touring the Colosseum and the magnificent Forum, or standing in line to see the remarkable architecture of the Pantheon or the nearby Saint Peter's Basilica in Vatican City, a gelato is a worthwhile way to cool off and reflect on how much history the city of Rome has seen. In fact, taking the time to eat a gelato in one of the many piazzas and open fora throughout Rome is a great way to force oneself to slow down and appreciate the awe-inspiring architecture and artwork. I loved how active and beautiful Rome was by day and night, and I have fond memories of the breaks I took in the Piazza Navona, in front of the Pantheon, next to the Trevi Fountain, at the base of the Spanish Steps, and along the Tiber River during my two visits to the city. I don't think one can understate how incredible a city Rome is to view in person, and I highly recommend a visit. Go for the history; stay for the gelato!
Logistics: Rome is an easy city to walk around, though the city streets are busy; there is also a bus and Metro system for public transportation.
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Rome is one of my favourite cities, it has an incredible number of historical monuments and despite the crowds of tourists, it is an enchanting and exciting capital. I have visited Rome several times, usually only for a short stay, but in November 2013, we spent five days in Rome. We had seen the main tourist sights on previous visits, and thus we had plenty of time to explore the city without haste and to visit also some of the lesser known sites.
A few suggestions that might be interesting for visitors who have time for more than just the Top Ten sights:
First: the three papal basilicas San Paolo fuori le Mura, Santa Maria Maggiore, and San Giovanni in Laterano (St. Peter's is the fourth). Of these, I was most impressed by San Paolo, even more than by St. Peter's, though the basilica is relatively new. It was rebuilt after a fire in the mid-19th century. The large and almost empty nave is amazing, it has a length of 130 meters and four rows of columns. The name of the basilica is derived from its location outside the ancient Aurelian walls, today it is a rather insignificant neighbourhood. It is easy to get to by public transport, it is right next to the metro station Basilica San Paolo. I also liked San Giovanni in Laterano, most striking are the huge statues of the twelve apostles in the nave. The Lateran complex includes also the Lateran Baptistery, the Scala Sancta …
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I visited this WHS several times. Rome is rightly known as the Eternal City. It can keep you busy for a whole month of sightseeing and you would still be missing something! Needless to say you cannot miss the Colosseum, Pantheon, Trajan's Column, Fori Imperiali, Fontana di Trevi, Piazza di Spagna, and St. Peter's Basilica. Not only one of Italy's top WHS but indeed one of the world's top WHS!
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Having visited Rome previously on several occasions and seen all the prominent tourist sights, this year I decided to seek out the more obscure sites included in the WHS inscription.
My first call was the church of San Paolo Fuore la Mura, a monster church beside a metro station in SW Rome.
The rest of the day I spent touring the palazzi, mausolea and churches listed as properties of the Holy See enjoying extraterratorial rights.
Of the churches, San Giovanni in Laterano was lavish and splendid, as also was Santa Maria Maggiore. Santa Maria in Trastevere was rather shabby and insignificant by comparison.
Augustus' mausoleum was a rather insignificant ruin, while Hadrian's was concealed within the Castel Sant Angelo.
The Palaces varied from the shabby and neglected to the pristine serving as museums and offices. My favourite was the Palazzo delle Cancelleria in Corso Vittorio Emmanuele II, where the courtyards housed a collection of Leonardo da Vincio's Big Machines. Another architecturally pleasing example was the Palazzo di Propaganda Fide in the Piazza di Spagna.
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Rome has magnificent monuments (Coliseum, Constantine Arch, Trevi Fountain, Spanish Steps, etc.) and I was impressed by every one of them. My problem with Rome isn't the monuments, but the city itself. It is way too chaotic and frantic for my liking. It has an intensity that gets on your nerves after a few days.
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Very few cities in the world can claim to be a capital of their cultural sphere, even fewer have something left to show for it. Rome can claim to be a cultural capital twice! and has plenty to show for it.
Rome contains some of the best preserved sites from antiquity, when it was a world power and laid much of the foundation for western culture. The Coliseum is perhaps the most famous testament from this period, and its huge remains are a great place to start exploring "Ancient Rome". Included in the admission price is entry to the Palatine Hill opposite, which was a nice place to stroll through and look at the massive remains, and provided great views across the city and down onto the Forum, which I think was my favourite part of ancient Rome, well it was until that night I stumbled upon the Pantheon in the tight streets of the historic centre. This building for me was one of the most spectacular I have ever been to, the dome is a masterpiece of architecture.
Then the second time Rome became a cultural capital was with the High Renaissance and Baroque periods. The High Renaissance perhaps best seen at Michelangelo's Piazza del Campidoglio and also much of the work at the Vatican. The Baroque period is seen through out the historic centre, the works of Borromini, Bernini and their contemporaries line almost every street, and this is what made the city so enjoyable that just walking …
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Rome isn't the eternal city for nothing. The juxtaposition of imperial remnants and modern technology are classically Italian and only serve to highlight the city's historic value. The Colisseum has found a better use as a tourist magnet than Christian slaughterhouse, and the tiny details, like bas-relief in the architecture and masterful wrought-iron railings leaves no doubt as to why all roads once lead here.
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What to say of Rome? It's a city of a thousand different characters, where the best of Baroque and of Classical intertwine to form a fascinating array of art and architecture found nowhere else in the world. Rome is absolutely unique. Some highlights for me include the Galleria Borghese (best of Bernini sculptures), the Palatine Hill (home of the emperors), and the Vatican Museums (simply some of the best art in the world). Regardless of the number of visits you make to Rome, each time you will find something new and wonderful to explore.
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Rome is in my humble opinion the greatest city on the planet. While I like many others as well, none comes close to Rome in terms of history, culture, architecture, and influence on the rest of the world. This together with all things that make Italy such a great place to visit - especially the food, of course - makes a combination that I don´t think can be beaten anywhere. For a visitor, Rome´s sights generally fall in two categories: Christendom and Antiquity, with some great Renaissance/Baroque monuments thrown in (Trevi Fountain, Spanish Steps etc.) For both, Rome is the top place to visit (sorry, Athens, you are fascinating, too, but Rome was not called caput mundi for nothing). The Forum Romanum is just incredible, and the Colosseum, the Triumphal Arches, and the many other smaller ancient monuments (Augustus Mausoleum and the very cool Mamertine Prison, for example) should excite even people who usually have no interest in ancient history (if that is at all possible...). So while of the some things that are said about Rome are admittedly true (smog, heavy traffic, many strikes, enormous masses of tourists), who really cares? It´s Rome, and it´s a huge mistake not to see it at least once.
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In my opinion, Rome is the most beautiful European capital. So much history in such a small area, without being turned into an amusement park ... where else in Europe can you still find that?
One of the lesser-known sights is San Clemente, a pretty 11th-century church. Stairs lead you down to the remains of a 4th-century basilica, which was devastated by Northmanns. Via another pair of stairs you arrive at a Roman house from the 2nd century, that served as a shrine for Mithras.
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