Egypt
Pyramids (Memphis)
Memphis and its Necropolis - the Pyramid Fields from Giza to Dahshur hold the first complex monumental stone buildings in Egypt and show the development of tombs to pyramidal shape.
These archeological sites date from the Old Kingdom to the Ptolemaic period, when Memphis was the administrative capital and was associated with the belief in the god Ptah. Its masterpieces include the Great Pyramid of Giza, the only surviving wonder of the ancient world, and the Pyramid Complex of Saqqara with the step pyramid of Djoser, the oldest pyramid to be constructed.
Community Perspective: Solivagant describes a visit from 1975, when he was still able to climb the Pyramid of Giza in full sight (Jaz did so much more clandestinely in 2000). Clyde and GabLabCebu went inside, while Els provided some public transport tips for Giza.
Site Info
Official Information
- Full Name
- Memphis and its Necropolis - the Pyramid Fields from Giza to Dahshur (ID: 86)
- Country
- Egypt
- Status
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Inscribed 1979
Site history
History of Pyramids (Memphis)
- 1979: Inscribed
- Inscribed
- WHS Type
- Cultural
- Criteria
- i
- iii
- vi
Links
- UNESCO
- whc.unesco.org
All Links
UNESCO.org
- whc.unesco.org — whc.unesco.org/
Related Resources
- gizapyramids.org — The Giza Archives
- egymonuments.gov.eg — Link
News Article
- Feb. 4, 2025 theartnewspaper.com — Egyptologists raise ‘mismanagement’ concerns after worker seen hammering at Great Pyramid of Giza
- Oct. 23, 2024 news.artnet.com — Stray Dog’s Pyramid Climb Goes Viral—And Raises Concerns for Giza’s Ancient Monuments
- Jan. 30, 2024 dailymail.co.uk — Work at Egypt's Menkaure pyramid at Giza shown in a video of the renovation has triggered a wave of criticism
- Jan. 27, 2023 bbc.com — Gold-covered mummy among latest discoveries inside a sarcophagus that had not been opened for 4,300 years.
- Sept. 5, 2022 edition.cnn.com — A now-dry branch of the Nile helped build Egypt’s pyramids
- May 9, 2022 bbc.com — Egypt arrests teenagers for harassing female tourists at pyramids
- Oct. 22, 2020 edition.cnn.com — Egypt adds restaurant at ancient pyramid site
- Sept. 21, 2020 bbc.com — Sarcophagi buried for 2,500 years unearthed in Saqqara
- Sept. 16, 2020 egyptindependent.com — Egypt cuts highways across pyramids plateau, alarming conservationists
- April 2, 2020 smithsonianmag.com — Amid COVID-19 Closures, Egypt Sanitizes the Giza Pyramids
- March 6, 2020 aljazeera.com — Egypt reopens its oldest pyramid after 14-year restoration
- Nov. 16, 2019 theguardian.com — Experts crack mystery of ancient Egypt’s sacred bird mummies
- July 14, 2019 theguardian.com — 'Bent' pyramid: Egypt opens ancient oddity for tourism
- Nov. 1, 2018 wral.com — 1 of 3 Great Pyramids of Giza to reopen after restoration
- July 15, 2018 timesofisrael.com — Archaeologists in Egypt discover ancient mummification workshop
- Nov. 3, 2017 news.nationalgeographic.com — Mysterious Void Discovered in Egypt's Great Pyramid
- March 15, 2016 heritagedaily.com — A new beginning for Egypt’s ancient capital: Ancient Memphis Walking Circuit
- Feb. 9, 2016 english.ahram.org.eg — Egyptian archaeologists call for tougher security measures after 'sale of pyramid pieces'
- Jan. 30, 2016 rt.com — German teenager climbs ancient Giza landmark – and films the whole thing
- Jan. 19, 2016 theguardian.com — Cosmic particles inside pyramids could unlock mystery of how they were built
- Sept. 13, 2014 weekly.ahram.org.eg — Work on Djoser's Step Pyramid is continuing despite a contracting controversy
- May 20, 2014 english.ahram.org.eg — Funeral relics of pharaonic singer unearthed at Saqqara
- May 3, 2014 dailymail.co.uk — Researchers find wet sand was key to movement of huge stone blocks for Pyramids
- Feb. 20, 2014 news.yahoo.com — Great Pyramid at Giza Vandalized to 'Prove' Conspiracy Theory
- Nov. 5, 2012 dailymail.co.uk — Egypt has reopened one of its great pyramids to kick-start tourism industry
- June 5, 2011 edition.cnn.com — Mysterious markings discovered at Great Pyramid of Giza
- Aug. 13, 2008 news.bbc.co.uk — Egypt's famous Giza Pyramids are being given a £ 14m ($27m) makeover, starting with a state-of-the art security fence to stop hawkers harassing tourists.
Community Information
- Community Category
- Archaeological site: Ancient Rome
- Archaeological site: Egyptian
- Secular structure: Burial
Travel Information
One million visitors or more
Recent Connections
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Perfect Inscriptions
1979 -
Jean-Michel Jarre
For the passage to the year 2000, Jarre… -
Modern Board Games
7 Wonders (2010) and expansions
Connections of Pyramids (Memphis)
- Individual People
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King Chulalongkorn of Siam (Rama V)
(8 Nov) -
Jean-Michel Jarre
For the passage to the year 2000, Jarre performs a spectacle intitled "The Twelve Dreams of The Sun" on the site of the pyramids of Giza. (Wikipedia) -
Pausanias
In Egypt, he had seen the pyramids. (wiki) -
Sir William Matthews Flinders Petrie
Was the first properly to investigate how the Pyramids "were constructed (many theories had been advanced on this, and Petrie read them all, but none were based on first hand observation or logic). Petrie's published report of this triangulation survey, and his analysis of the architecture of Giza therein, was exemplary in its methodology and accuracy, and still provides much of the basic data regarding the pyramid plateau to this day." (Wiki) -
Painted by JMW Turner
Giza - Fifth Plague of Egypt 1800 -
Elias Burton Holmes
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Gertrude Bell
Photo of her, taken in 1923 -
Napoleon was here
Very likely that he visited it when in Egypt. There are paintings of him next to the pyramids. -
Alexander the Great
Legend has it that Alexander spent time alone in the King's chamber of the Great Pyramid of Giza. -
Prince Pückler
Khephren -
Giovanni Belzoni
first person in modern times to penetrate to the interior of the Pyramid of Khaefre whose entrance he had discovered on the north face. Inscribed a message of the date (2 March 1818) on the internal wall. -
Erich von Däniken
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- Geography
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River deltas
The Pyramids of Giza are near the apex of the Nile delta. -
Sahara
Part of the Western DesertSee en.wikipedia.org
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Nile
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- Trivia
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Reportedly haunted locations
Pyramids of Giza: A man in early 20th century clothing has been seen by visitors, and rumors have reported him to be the ghost of Howard Carter. Various employees and tourists have reported seeing an orb figure that appeared to be an apparition of an Egyptian Pharaoh, float away from the pyramids, and head south toward the Valley of the Kings. (wiki) -
One million visitors or more
Egypt's Giza pyramid complex hosted 14.7 million tourists from around the world during 2023. -
Tobu World Square
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Buildable in Lego
Great Pyramid of Giza, released on June 1 2022, 1476 piecesSee www.lego.com
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In the Vatican Museums
Several tomb reliefs -
On beer cans and bottles
Sakara Gold*See www.ratebeer.com
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Cercle events
Great Pyramids of Giza (Sebastien Leger)See www.youtube.com
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Former Largest Cities
Memphis was largest city from 3100 B.C. to 2800 B.C. -
On Banknotes
Sphynx; 100 Egyptian pound; 2005 -
Preservation assisted by Getty Trust
Sphinx (1990-2) -
Sound and Light Show
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Out-of-place artifacts
Saqqara BirdSee en.wikipedia.org
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Modern Board Games
7 Wonders (2010) and expansions -
In Video Games
Serious Sam 3 – Sphinx, Giza Pyramids; Assassin's Creed Origins – Sphinz, Giza, Bent Pyramid; Age of Empire I: Great Pyramid of Giza for Egyptians, Assirians, Sumerians; Age of Mythology: Egyptians - Ra: Great Pyramid of Giza and Isis: the Great Sphynx of Gizah; Civilizations VI; Indiana Jones and the Great Circle; Civilization VII: Giza -
Viewable from another WHS
Pyramids can be seen from Cairo citadel -
Once the tallest freestanding structure in the World
Great Pyramid of Giza, the tallest between c. 2570 BC and c. 1300 AD and again 1666-1874 (146.5 meter) -
Replicas in Las Vegas
Replica Sphinx and a 350ft high black glass pyramid (The Great Pyramid of Giza is 481ft) at the "Luxor Las Vegas Hotel and Casino"See en.wikipedia.org
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- History
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Specified on Herodotus' Oikumene
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Assyrian Empire
Memphis was captured by the Assyrians in 671BC (wiki)See en.wikipedia.org
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Located in a Former Capital
Memphis was capital of Lower Egypt during Old Kingdom until 2200 BC -
Bronze Age
The "Old Kingdom" was Egypt's "Bronze age" civilisation -
Oldest Buildings
2667-2648BC - The earliest "Old Kingdom" structures are those of the Complex of the Stepped Pyramid of Djoser. "Djoser's step pyramid was surrounded by a 10.5 metres high niched enclosure wall, building an inner courtyard of 37.06 acres (15 ha). This courtyard contains several cultic buildings, such as the Southern Tomb, the Southern Courtyard, the Southern Pavillon, the Northern Pavillon, the Entrance Colonnade and the Serdab with the famous seating statue of Djoser" ... "the oldest complete stone building complex known in history" (Wiki)See en.wikipedia.org
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Achaemenid Empire
Egypt and Memphis were taken for Persia by king Cambyses in 525 BC after the Battle of Pelusium. Under the Persians, structures in the city were preserved and strengthened, and Memphis was made the administrative headquarters of the newly conquered satrapy. For almost a century and a half, the city remained the capital of the Persian satrapy of Egypt, officially becoming one of the epicentres of commerce in the vast territory conquered by the Achaemenid monarchy.See en.wikipedia.org
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Paid in Beer
During the construction of the Great Pyramids in Giza, Egypt, each worker got a daily ration of four to five liters of beer.See www.bbc.co.uk
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Historical Food Remains
Blocks of halloumi cheese preserved for 2,600 years at Saqqara
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- Architecture
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Restored by anastylosis
(Saqqara - Djoser funerary complex) -
Sites from antiquity with identified architects
The Pyramid of Djoser was designed by SneferuSee en.wikipedia.org
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- Damaged
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'Threatened' by Roads
Cairo Ring Road -
Iconoclasm
The fact that the Sphinx has no nose is attributed to an iconoclastic act by a Sufi Muslim in 1378
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- World Heritage Process
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WHC locations
Luxor & Cairo (1979) -
Perfect Inscriptions
1979 -
First inscriptions
Egypt: five inscriptions in 1979, with Memphis and its Necropolis – the Pyramid Fields from Giza to Dahshur as the lowest number -
Already inscribed still on T List
Dahshour archaeological area
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- Religion and Belief
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Axis Mundi
See en.wikipedia.org
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Serapea
The Serapeum of Saqqara - seeSee en.wikipedia.org
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Mentioned in the Bible
(In Hebrew - Noph or Moph). Isaiah 19:13; Jeremiah 2:16; 44:1; 46:14, 19; Ezekiel. 30:13, 16
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- Human Activity
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LGBTQ culture
The tomb of Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum contains what has been regarded as a representation of "The First Gay Kiss". It has been represented on Gay Pride T Shirts etc. See -See www.jstor.org
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Historical Graffiti
Great Pyramid: by the labourers who constructed the Pyramids, by visiting Romans -
Mummies
Numerous -
Boats
The Royal Barge (now moved to a museum next to the Pyramids)
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- Constructions
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Necropolises
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Sphinx
Great Sphinx of Giza -
Mausolea
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Pyramids
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- WHS on Other Lists
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Seven Wonders of the World
Great Pyramid of Giza (still standing). Criterion i: “In Memphis was founded one of the most important monuments of the world, and the only surviving wonder of the ancient world, namely, the Great Pyramid of Giza”. (OUV) -
New Seven Wonders of the World
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- Timeline
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Built in the 3rd Millennium BC
Great Pyramids of Giza: ca. 2560 BC (wiki); the Sphinx is commonly believed to have been built by ancient Egyptians of the Old Kingdom during the reign of the pharaoh Khafra (c. 2558-2532 BC) (wiki)
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- Science and Technology
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Astronomy and Astrology
The three main Giza pyramids are orientated to the cardinal directions with extraordinary precision. For such huge monuments, this could only have been achieved by astronomical observation -
Muography
"the ScanPyramids Project, which is composed of an international team of scientists from Egypt, France, Canada, and Japan, has started utilizing muography and thermography imaging to survey the Giza pyramid complex."See en.wikipedia.org
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- Visiting conditions
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Foreigner prices
e.g Pyramid of Khufu: Egyptian: 20 LE Foreign: 100 LE
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- 18
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Blake and Mortimer
Le Mystère de la Grande Pyramide -
James Bond in Movies
The Spy Who Loved Me (1977) -
Asterix
Astérix et Cléopâtre / Asterix and CleopatraSee en.wikipedia.org
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Featured in the Go Jetters
Series 1: Episode 2: The Great Pyramids of Giza; Series 2: Episode 33: The Sphinx, Egypt -
Tintin
Pyramids "somewhere near Cairo" in: Cigars of the Pharaoh (p6) -
In The Simpsons
Bart Simpson: Do the Bartman (1990); “Simpsons Bible Stories” (1999) -
James Bond in books
The spy who loved me
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News
- theartnewspaper.com 02/04/2025
- Egyptologists raise ‘mismanagement…
- news.artnet.com 10/23/2024
- Stray Dog’s Pyramid Climb Goes Vir…
- dailymail.co.uk 01/30/2024
- Work at Egypt's Menkaure pyramid a…
Recent Visitors
Visitors of Pyramids (Memphis)
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Community Reviews
Show full reviews
WHS#59
The Pyramids - the most famous symbol of the great civilization of Ancient Egypt. Their grandiosity has been admired across the world for millennia now. Memphis and its Necropolis – the Pyramid Fields from Giza to Dahshur was among the first few sites on the WHS list, and for good reason: It tells the complete story of the pyramid, from its conception as stacked mastabas in Saqqara to the trial-and-error (and eventually, successful) developments in Dahshur, to finally the greatest manifestation of the pyramids in Giza. I was lucky enough to visit this ancient world wonder in May 2018. I got to visit the Giza components on my first day exploring Egypt, and supposedly left it at that. However, due to the scheduled day reserved for Wadi al-Hitan becoming free as we couldn't get police clearance, I decided that I could check out the other components of this WHS for another half-day, this time visiting Memphis and Saqqara. From Saqqara, you get a decent view of the entire expanse of pyramid fields "from Giza to Dahshur," so I could say this was a complete experience of all 4 important components of this site. Yes, it was accidental. Yes, I wish I had gotten the chance to visit Wadi al-Hitan. No, I don't think Memphis and the pyramids represent the height of the Egyptian civilization's cultural and artistic legacy. And no, not all parts of the experience of visiting will be completely pleasant, whether it be the heat or …
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Visited this site in March 2019. I voted for a guided tour in order to skip the hassles of bakshish boys and distances between Giza, Dahshur, Saqqara and Memphis. With early departure (07:00) and (unfortunately) skipping of certain Mastabas in Saqqara it was possible for me and my friend to cover all four sites, including interior visits to Red Pyramid; Teti Pyramid, Khufu (Cheops) Great Pyramid + Solar Boat Museum.
There is probably not much could be added to decribe the iconic pyramids. For me the most amazing things are that in thousands of papyruses nothing is written about pyramid construction process and another thing that there is only one 3-inch tiny rough figurine of Cheops is left and known (to be compared with numerous colossal statues of Ramses II, who, in turn, saved GDP spendings of one more pyramid).
I would recommend to arrange the guided tour in advance in order to be "protected" from sellers, trouts, bakshish boys, helpers, camel riders, etc. With our tour we were also able to enter with the car inside all 4 key sites and save a lot of time. Dahshur was the most deserted site. In Saqqara Djoser pyramid is still in scaffolding, but only on one side. I like interior chamber of Teti Pyramid covered with hieroglyphs (but looking suspiciously new).
There is no any queues for the interior chamber of Khufu (Cheops) Great Pyramid nowadays (as I understood in the past it was quite difficult to get …
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I have visited the Giza Plateau a few times, most recently in October 2018. I entered the Giza Plateau just as it was opening and headed to the Great Sphinx, one of the world’s most ancient, largest and, with the body of a lion and head of a pharaoh, oddest monumental sculptures. After 4,500 years, the most popular view of the Sphinx has become that from Pizza Hut.
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Due to switching to a new employer, I had some unexpected days off on my hands in late October to finish up my unused holiday allowance. Almost immediately I knew that I wanted to spend them on a city trip to Cairo – not too far away but good for 3 quality WHS within 5 days. I started my trip with a long-awaited visit to Memphis and the pyramid fields of Giza and Saqqara. The good thing about this WHS is that it covers the entire history of Egyptian pyramid construction, not just the big and famous pyramids of Giza.
My plan for the first day was to take a bus from the Egyptian museum to Giza. There should be 2 bus lines (355 and 357) that ply this route - but where do these buses stop? The surroundings of the museum are a jumble of multi-lane streets, a fly-over and a roundabout. There are many buses but no bus stops and I also did not see the 2 right bus numbers passing by. So I decided to switch to the metro, which turned out to be a lot easier. Metro station Giza is only 6 stops from downtown. From there I boarded a minibus that runs up and down the main street for the final kilometers towards the 'haram' (Arabic for 'pyramids').
This is the site where the ancient Egyptians perfected their art of building pyramids. Especially the great pyramids of Cheops and Chefren are perfect in …
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I visited this WHS in March 2010. Visiting this WHS was a dream come true for me as I always had a passion for Egyptology. Considered as one of the Seven Ancient Wonders of the World, the Pyramids of Giza and the Sphinx need no introduction. The Bent Pyramid, the Red Pyramid and the remains of the Black Pyramid in Dahshur are close to a military area and are quite off the beaten track. The huge Ramses II statue and remains in Memphis are worth seeing if you're into Egyptology. The highlight of my trip was when I reached the heart of the Great Pyramid of Giza! There is absolutely nothing inside apart from an empty sarcophagus and an Italian archaeologist's graffiti signature, but I felt I had paid tribute to the world's best engineers, architects, astronomers and civilisation. The perfection of each gigantic slab of stone that make up this 5000 year old structure is simply incredible.
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Yes, people "still" climb the Giza pyramid relative to the 30 years ago story posted. My two brothers, Jeremy and Jonas, and I climbed to the top of the Pyramid in May of 2000 (on an around the world trip with our mother and grandmother). We visited the site during the day and after the official closing asked our cash-paid "guide" if it was possible to climb to the top. He quickly responded with a "No! It is not possible." We had taken a picture of the three of us standing on the bottom level of the pyramid earlier in the afternoon and quickly had armed guards blowing whistles, waving their machine guns, and telling us to get off the pyramid. We continued to ask our guide about climbing the pyramid and he changed his answer to, "it is possible, but very expensive." We showed our desired to climb to the top but included that our funds were very limited. The price started at $500 per person for the climb. After a bit of negotiating, the price ended up at $50 each. The guide introduced us to a uniformed and armed guard that would meet us at the street in front of our hotel shortly before sunset that evening (our hotel was walking distance to the Pyramids - it is not in the middle of the desert as it would appear in the movies). We decided to have just $50 each and our IDs in our pockets, with no watches, …
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I stayed at a budget hotel from which one could see the giza pyramids. Then I hopped on a taxi to make the obligatory stop to see them in person. I took the stairs up into the pyramid though it was not that impressive. The pyramids are best seen at sunrise or sunset. The sun plays tricks with the pyramids in the foreground. There was a brilliant silhouette where the pyramid looked black and it's edges lit up by the sinking sun chariot. The sphinx was nearby and camel rides were available for tourists. there was a small golf course closeby as well.
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Some people have told me they found the Pyramids disappointing, but on both my visits I have come away highly impressed.
I think the problem is that, the media always stress the shear physical size of the pyramids, if you imagine them smaller than reality then they impress, but if you imagine them larger then you will be disappointed.
That said despite the crowds, It is incredible to visit something that people have travelled specifically to see for the last 4500 years!
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Being a World Heritage site-tourist, visiting the pyramids of Giza and Dashshur for the first time in your life, is of course a very special experience. At least when you dream, think and plan ahead for it! But the realities of life can sometimes surprise you and maybe even spice things up a bit. After having spent a day in Cairo I hired myself a taxi-driver for a day. One of those thousands of black-and-white, worn down Peugeots that runs up and down the streets of Cairo each day. My driver Abu, a true Egyptian, proved to be quite a character and after having stopped for a couple of times on our way to Giza talking to his friends, he gave me a thorough (and very useful) instruction in how to fend of the camel- horse and souvenir hustlers, that despite the presence of the tourist police, constantly annoys the tourists.
So don’t for a second think you can wonder around the pyramids and the sphinx, peacefully dreaming about the pharaohs and life in by-gone eras. But if you constantly shout “La, Shokram (no thanks in Arabic), or even stronger expressions in English, you might stand a chance. At Dashshur, the situation was quite the opposite and my visit surprisingly peaceful.
But despite the downsides, the pyramids are still one of the most impressing sites I’ve ever visited during my World Heritage travels and for sure a number one place to visit for all people, whether you are interested in …
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The Pyramids are by far Egypt's best known attraction and one of the top tourist sights in the world, and as such worthy of visiting once in a lifetime. I don't think they are the best Egypt has to offer - that would be Luxor and Thebes, Abu Simbel, and the Egyptian Museum -, but still you can't go to Egypt and seriously say you haven't seen the Pyramids. Why then did you go there in the first place?
Anyway, they are very impressive, and wandering at their bases (you can go inside, but apart from crawling through a long, dirty tunnel there is nothing to see or do since grave robbers were there before you) and also seeing the wonderful Sphinx is definitely a great experience.
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What can I say that hasn't been said by someone else before me? These massive setinels of human history have earned their spot on the World Heritage List if only for the fact that they've survived this long. While not nearly as ornate as many Egyptian tombs, these are the granddaddy's of them all and I'd venture a guess that they're among the most recognizable icons on the planet
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The Pyramids –Then and Now!
The growth in leisure travel over the last half century threatens to overwhelm many of the most famous WHS sites such as the Pyramids. With the continuing growth in travel, and all those millions in developing countries who will soon join the throng, I sometimes wonder whether, in 50 years or so, we will each take part in lotteries to be allocated our ticket for our “once in a lifetime visit” to eg the Pyramids (similar to what happens now to see the Bears at Churchill Falls in Alaska!!). It is an unfortunate fact that, whilst the numbers seeing the great sights of the world increase inexorably, the conditions under which they see them and the restrictions they face also become more limited and onerous. The ability “to do your own thing in your own way” is sacrificed in the name of “crowd management”
My first visit to the pyramids was in 1975. In those days it was a fairly relaxed place. Although there were ticket offices, entry through the “back door” of the nearby Mena suburbs was perfectly possible- security had not been strengthened in face of the threat of terrorism. The possibility of a massacre as at Queen Hashepsut’s tomb in 1997 had not been considered
So, it seemed perfectly natural at the time to consider whether we should attempt to climb to the top “for a better view”!! Reports from Victorian/Edwardian and “between-the-wars” upper class visitors often seemed to include such a …
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