Morocco
Medina of Fez
The Medina of Fez is a walled city with madrasas, fondouks, mosques and palaces dating from the 12th-15th centuries.
At that period, Fez replaced Marrakesh as the capital of the kingdom. Its architecture and town planning have been influential on other Arab-Muslim cities in the Maghreb and Sub-Sahara. Its unpaved urban street network has largely preserved its original functions.
Community Perspective: Its “working” atmosphere (don’t miss the tanneries) makes it stand out among other, more sanitized medinas. There are coloured navigation routes to make sense of its confusing layout. The numerous mosques and shrines are only accessible to Muslims.
Site Info
Official Information
- Full Name
- Medina of Fez (ID: 170)
- Country
- Morocco
- Status
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Inscribed 1981
Site history
History of Medina of Fez
- 1981: Inscribed
- Inscribed
- WHS Type
- Cultural
- Criteria
- ii
- v
Links
- UNESCO
- whc.unesco.org
All Links
UNESCO.org
- whc.unesco.org — whc.unesco.org/
Related Resources
- visitmorocco.com — Visit Morocco: Fez
News Article
- Aug. 17, 2020 moroccoworldnews.com — Abandoned Building Collapses in Bustling Merchant Area of Fez Medina
- March 4, 2016 worldbulletin.net — World's oldest library in Fez to reopen in May
Community Information
- Community Category
- Urban landscape: Arabic and Middle Eastern
Travel Information
Discriminatory Entry Policies
Meknes Hotspot
Recent Connections
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Perfect Inscriptions
1981 -
Sir Wilfred Thesiger
circa 1930sSee prmprints.com
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Over 100,000 inhabitants
181,000 (1999)
Connections of Medina of Fez
- Individual People
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Ibn Khaldun
Worked for the Merenid sultan from c1354 for around 10 years - 2 of them spent in jail for plotting against the sultan!. The Fez Palace in Fez Jdid was built by the Merenids n the 13th century when they moved thewir capital back to Fez from Marrakesh. -
Ibn Battuta
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Elias Burton Holmes
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Sir Wilfred Thesiger
circa 1930sSee prmprints.com
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Leo Africanus
Studied at University of Al-Karouine
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- Trivia
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Replica in Epcot
Bab Boujloud -
Over 100,000 inhabitants
181,000 (1999)
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- History
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Almohads
Gates such as Bab Mahrouk, Bab Guissa -
Berbers
Fez was "founded" by the Idrisids c789 and is a Berber word. Among significant buildings founded by the Berber dynasties are the University of which Wiki says "The most extensive reconstruction was carried out in 1135 under the patronage of the Almoravid ruler sultan Ali Ibn Yusuf who ordered the extension of the mosque from 18 to 21 aisles, expanding the structure to more than 3,000 square meters. The mosque acquired its present appearance at this time, featuring horseshoe arches and ijmiz frames decorated with beautiful geometrical and floral Andalusian art, bordered with Kufic calligraphy." and "The principal monuments in the medina, the residences and public buildings, date from the Marinid period. The madrasas are a hallmark of Marinid architecture, with its striking blending of Andalusian and Almohad traditions. Between 1271 and 1357 seven madrassas were built in Fes, the style of which has come to be typical of Fassi architecture." -
Located in a Former Capital
Capital of Kingdom of Fez (1472-1554) -
Almoravid dynasty
The Almoravids significantly expanded the al-Qarawiyyin mosqueSee en.wikipedia.org
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- Architecture
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Medina
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Gold Surfaces
Golden Doors of Fez Royal Palace -
Urban fabric
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Moorish architecture
Monuments of Fes el-Bali ("Old Fes", founded at beginning of 9th century) such as the Mosque of the Andalusians, and Fes el-Jdid ("New Fes", founded in 13th century) such as the minaret of the Great Mosque ("The four facades of the minaret are decorated similarly with darj wa ktaf motifs (Moroccan rhombus-like decorative forms) carved into the brick.").See en.wikipedia.org
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Muqarnas
University of al-Qarawiyyin and others
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- World Heritage Process
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First inscriptions
Morocco 1981 -
Perfect Inscriptions
1981
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- Religion and Belief
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Jewish religion and culture
Mellah + Rue des Mérinides + Synagogue Ibn Danan + Cimetière juif -
Notable mosques
Mosque of Mulai Idris (one of the earliest mosques in the history of Morocco, 810) -
Sufism
The tomb of Moulay Idris II is an important sufic pilgimage site. Fez is also the site of the annual Festival of World Sacred Music heavily dominated by Sufi dancing
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- Constructions
- WHS on Other Lists
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World Monuments Watch (past)
Rabbi Shlomo Ibn Danan + Mansano Synagogues (1996), Sahrij + Sbaiyin Madrassa Complex (2004) - Al-Azhar Mosque (2008)
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- Timeline
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Built in the 9th century
"The Medina of Fez preserves, in an ancient part comprising numerous monumental buildings, the memory of the capital founded by the Idrisid dynasty between 789 and 808. It is home to the oldest university in the world (Al-Karaouine - 859)." -
Built in the 13th century
Under the Merinids (13th to 15th centuries), a new town (Fez Jedid) was founded (in 1276) to the west of the ancient one (Fez El-Bali). It contains the royal palace, the army headquarters, fortifications and residential areas. At that time, the two entities of the Medina of Fez evolve in symbiosis forming one of the largest Islamic metropolis's representing a great variety of architectural forms and urban landscapes. (AB)
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- WHS Hotspots
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Meknes Hotspot
Trains and buses take an hour
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- Science and Technology
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Universities
University of Al-Karaouine since 859
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- Visiting conditions
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Discriminatory Entry Policies
Great Kairaouine Mosque - Muslims only
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- 18
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Indiana Jones movie
Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny
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News
- moroccoworldnews.com 08/17/2020
- Abandoned Building Collapses in Bu…
- worldbulletin.net 03/04/2016
- World's oldest library in Fez to r…
Recent Visitors
Visitors of Medina of Fez
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Community Reviews
Show full reviews
Wow, I can't believe this site hasn't had a new review in nearly seven years! However, it's not as if this 1,000+ year old medina has changed much in such a relatively short amount of time. The existing reviews sum up the medina well so in relating my February 2025 experience I won't repeat what has already been said. Do know, however, that the residents of the medina choose to take a day of rest on Fridays, so the streets are significantly less busy that day of the week, and many of the shops are closed.
If you've been to traditional Arab souks before (like the Grand Bazaar in Türkiye, or the souks of Israel or Oman) then you have an idea of what to expect here. Tons of small shops crammed together on narrow streets (often selling similar items) with lots of people and tons of opportunities to haggle. I adore markets like this (I've visited a decent amount) but the Fez medina brings it to a new level by increasing the scale to massive proportions–as others have said, this place is an absolute labyrinth that you can spend hours wandering around in. It's incredibly fun!
If you enjoy:
- The thrill of bustling, very narrow streets
- The energy of tons of people around all the time
- Spending time visiting many shops to haggle effectively
then you will love the Fez Medina. (I, for one, do love all of those …
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I visited this WHS in April 2018. Although I left this medina as Morocco's last WHS to visit, it really didn't disappoint. It is truly a top WHS on par with Marrakech even though quite different. I felt Fes is more of an all-rounder, in the sense that it has a number of superb buildings and monuments but what is truly of OUV is that it still is very much alive as a medina.
Fes is the world's largest car-free urban space and it's a maze of alleys, dead ends, archways, medersas, mosques and palaces. It is also believed to have one the oldest universities in the world, the University of Al-Karaouine. The only down side (but in a way it could perhaps be a positive thing is it helps to avoid turning the places into a mere museum) is that most religious places are only accessible to Muslims.
This doesn't mean that you'll be missing out on all of Fes' highlights and you can still have a peek through the doorways of the restricted buildings. Out of the several medersas, three really stand out for the outstanding architecture and art, namely the Al Attarine Medersa, the Sahrij Medersa and the Al Bouanania Medersa (photo). Apparently, the Sahrij Medersa will no longer be open to non-Muslim visitors as it will be used to teach Islamic calligraphy as of May this year. The Al Attarine and the Al Bouanania Medresas are truly works of art even though I would choose the …
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Wow, what can I say about Fez? This has got to be one of the most vibrant and hectic World Heritage Sites there is. It is crazy, it is smelly, it is noisy, it is confusing. And I loved it!
There are some particular historic sites which are worth seeing but, really, you can just wander around for days and soak up the atmosphere. It's really easy to get lost and so I would recommend working out a few landmarks that you know you can navigate back to your accommodation from - that way, if you get lost, you can at least ask someone to point you towards one of those sites.
It's hard to put into words how much I enjoyed just seeing life here in Fez.
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I was in Fez in 1976 with a tour that started
in Malaga, and the guide spoke 7 languages for those representing at least that many countries. Fez, to me was a most memorial place. I was 37 at that time and loved every second of being there. I would never have gone without a guide or my mothers push (we did about 5 countries) my first time abroad. As we stood outside the old city, and were being given explanations and safety cautions (keep your eyes on the person in front of you, last week I found a lady that had got left there last year), etc. We were followed by little children who kept us with the group. We watched children in the streets making thread, unbaked bread carried to the ovens by very small girls, and the baked bread being carried back by equally small boys. The leather places were difficult from a smell standpoint, though we had all been furnished with sprigs of mint. I was astounded at the various lessons from the medina. The various trades going on were amazing, and some exquisite items were there for purchase so very cheap. Mother bought some of the hand made long dresses with ornate design and kept and used them for years. We were in the narrow walls for over 4 hours, and did not eat but some hand food from there of breads. I was fascinated. My biggest fear there might have been getting lost and …
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Mine is a very specific review of my experience with Fez Medina. This is because I an asthmatic and suffer greatly from cat allergies. The confined lanes of the Medina along with pollution from people, animals of all sorts gave me a severe asthma attack. If you suffer from the same affliction, you will be better off staying outside the old city and exploring the maze of streets on your own. I made the mistake of staying in a Ryad (a wonderfully refurbished hotel) for two night. It is incredibly claustrophobic and can create health problems for you.
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Perhaps the finest place in the world to get a feel for medieval life, Fez is a rather special place to experience; however our particular visit was marred by behaviour that was more in line with in the Middle Ages.
The medina is still a dirty, smelly twisting maze of alleys too narrow for motorised traffic, I don't mean this as a criticism, it is the kind of "authentic" atmosphere that people seek out and this experience is perhaps Fez's best quality. Whilst Fez does have some impressive buildings, it is the seemingly endless confusion of lanes filled with various shops, workshops, mosques and houses that leaves the biggest impression.
As with all the medinas I have visited it was exceptionally fun bartering for goods in the souqs or ducking down a gloomy side street to find a courtyard specialising in some hitherto unknown treat. Fondouk Kaat Smen was my favourite, past the stalls specialising in rancid butter was a wonderful little place where we tried a huge array of honeys, each with a distinct flavour imparted by the nectar on which the bees had feasted. Like most visitors, the vast tanneries left a strong impression with the sight of goods being made next to where they are sold being one of the greatest joys. Also, the stench was nowhere near as bad as I feared, but perhaps that was the bonus of being there early in the morning.
There are coloured signs set up around the medina which show …
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The medina of Fez is notoriously difficult to navigate. I got stranded in a residential area at my first approach, but then developed a trick: I shadowed a small group of French with an official guide. When they stopped to hear him talk, I suddenly became very busy taking photos on the spot so that I didn't have to overtake them. They finally led me to the Bab Boujloud gate, from where I dared to go on alone (guided by the coloured signs of the designated walking routes).
It is tempting to compare this medina to the one in Marrakech. The differences are clear though: the walls of Fez are yellow instead of pinkish, the streets are even narrower in Fez and there are fewer tourists. On the other side: Fez lacks the individual great monuments that Marrakech has, though the Bou Inania Madrasa is well worth the few dirhams entrance fee. Its splendour is hidden behind a wooden door in the middle of the souks.
My route crossed the medina from west to northeast. That way, I ended up at the leather souk with its famous tanneries. The bowls of dye, with workers up to their knees in them, are the trademark of the Fez medina. To watch them, one has to go inside one of the leather shops that have terraces. I followed another group of French inside and could get in and leave without being hassled into buying something.
The tanneries are the most …
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Fez retains much of it's medieval way of life. I first visited Fez in 1985 and again in 2007. Fez 1985 was somewhat intimidating as the souk was a huge labyrinth and uncharted. Fez 2007 is much more user friendly as there are discreet colour coded directions so that visitors can have a chance of finding what they were looking for! The Medina remains fascinating and Moroccans seem to take great pride in maintaining their traditions down to every detail.
Of the monuments , in old Fez , not to be missed would be the great medieval universities which anyone can enter. The fortunate if you can find it , 'Sarija' madrassa , named after it's mystical reflecting pool , was a gem. The Moroccan people and cuisine contributes greatly to it's charm.
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It is with a degree of shock that I calculate it to be almost 40 years since I visited Fez (August 1966). Even now I can remember the “magic” of the labyrinthine Medina of Fes-el-Bali (the old walled city) – by then I already had souks etc in Istanbul, Damascus and Jerusalem “under my belt”, but Fez did not pale by comparison so it wasn’t just the “shock of the new”. No doubt it will have become a great deal more touristy and “sanitised” since those days but movies and photos I see indicate that the Souk is as much of a motorised traffic-free “maze” as ever and has retained its wonderful “working” atmosphere. A particular joy were the specialised areas for e.g. Dyeing (see photo), Pottery, Tanning, Metalwork, Carpet and Tile making etc etc. Back in 1966, tourism did not really seem to be the raison d'etre for their existance. They were noisy, smelly and, yes even dirty, places making things primarily for locals. I wonder if the area given over to turning old car tyres into sandals etc still operates, or perhaps such transformations only have economic justification in the markets of sub-Saharan Africa now (It was a trade still practiced in Omdurman when I was there earlier this year - 2006)! Morocco may not have achieved European levels of GDP but thankfully has made good strides economically so perhaps some of the recycling trades have been despatched to history and no doubt the shops have their full …
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