United Kingdom
Edinburgh
Old and New Towns of Edinburgh show the juxtaposition of two phenomena of urban planning: the medieval Old City with its castle, and the planned extension of the New City.
In the Old Town, the medieval fishbone street pattern survives. The High Street links the landmark Edinburgh Castle and the Palace of Holyrood. In contrast with the inward-looking, walled old city, a neoclassic New City was developed in the 18th and 19th centuries to house Edinburgh's growing population. This part of town is the largest area of Georgian architecture in Europe.
Community Perspective: “Britain’s finest World Heritage Site”: the city has an iconic skyline, and excellent museums, is easy to explore on foot, and is host to the yearly Edinburgh Festival. Most people are drawn to the Old Town, although the New Town makes up two-thirds of the inscribed area.
Site Info
Official Information
- Full Name
- Old and New Towns of Edinburgh (ID: 728)
- Country
- United Kingdom
- Status
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Inscribed 1995
Site history
History of Edinburgh
- 1995: Inscribed
- Inscribed
- WHS Type
- Cultural
- Criteria
- ii
- iv
Links
- UNESCO
- whc.unesco.org
All Links
UNESCO.org
- whc.unesco.org — whc.unesco.org/
Related Resources
- royalcollection.org.uk — Palace of Holyroodhouse
- stgilescathedral.org.uk — St. Giles' Cathedral
- edinburghcastle.scot — Edinburgh Castle
- ewht.org.uk — Edinburgh World Heritage
- edinburgh.org — Edinburgh Tourist Board
News Article
- Nov. 28, 2015 edinburghnews.scotsman.com — Calls to protect Edinburgh world heritage site
- Oct. 13, 2015 bighospitality.co.uk — Controversial hotel developments threaten Edinburgh's World Heritage status
- June 7, 2013 icscotland.icnetwork.co.uk — Medieval Tron Kirk site to reopen
- Sept. 25, 2009 news.bbc.co.uk — Edinburgh's famous time ball has been restored to full working order, two years after it was damaged in a storm
- Nov. 16, 2008 guardian.co.uk — Edinburgh's heritage status secured after four-day visit by Unesco officials
- April 16, 2008 news.scotsman.com — Palace of Holyroodhouse gets pricey sign appropriate for a World Heritage Site
Community Information
- Community Category
- Urban landscape: Urban continuity
Travel Information
One million visitors or more
Recent Connections
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Perfect Inscriptions
1995 -
Creative Cities
LiteratureSee www.unesco.org
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WHS inspiring "Classical Music"
Symphony No 3 ("Scottish") by Felix Men…
Connections of Edinburgh
- Individual People
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Elias Burton Holmes
1886/1914See www.taschen.com
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King Chulalongkorn of Siam (Rama V)
(10 August) -
Charles Darwin
Studied medicine at the University for 2 years 1825-7 before quitting & lived at 11 Lothian St (in old city) -
Isabella Bird
Visited 1869. Describes the slums of the "Old Town" in "Notes on Old Edinburgh" -
Edward I
Castle captured in 1296 by Edward I after a 3 day siege -
Thomas Telford
Dean Bridge is within the inscribed area of the "New Town". Designed by him in 1833. 4 arch 106ft above the Water of Leith. -
Queen Victoria slept here
Holyrood HouseSee www.rct.uk
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- Geography
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Volcanic plugs
Castle Rock
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- Trivia
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Reportedly haunted locations
Castle, Vaults, St Mary's Close and Greyfriers ChurchyardSee en.wikipedia.org
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Replica in Legoland
Edingburgh Castle at Legoland Windsor -
WHS inspiring "Classical Music"
Symphony No 3 ("Scottish") by Felix Mendelssohn (1829). Mendelssohn's letters clearly state that the inspiration for the opening came from his visit to Holyrood Palace - "In the twilight today we went to the [Holyrood] Palace where Queen Mary [Stuart] lived and loved. There is a little room to be seen there with a spiral staircase at its door. . . . The chapel beside it has now lost its roof. It is overgrown with grass and ivy, and at the broken altar, Mary was crowned Queen of Scotland. Everything is ruined, decayed, and open to the sky. I believe I have found there the beginning of my Scotch Symphony." -
On Banknotes
Robert Burns and The Old and New Towns of Edinburgh 10 pound - 2009; previous on numerous 1 pound -
Depicted in Mizielinska Maps
CastleSee i.pinimg.com
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Modelled after
The Acropolis on the Carlton Hill was modelled after the Parthenon in Athens -
Dubbed as another WHS
Athens of the North -
In Video Games
Forza Horizon 4 -
Cultural sites closely connected to volcanoes
Edinburgh Castle: The castle stands upon the plug of an extinct volcano, which is estimated to have risen about 350 million years ago during the lower Carboniferous period. The Castle Rock is the remains of a volcanic pipe, which cut through the surrounding sedimentary rock before cooling to form very hard dolerite, a type of basalt. (wiki)See en.wikipedia.org
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One million visitors or more
Edinburgh Castle 1,904,723 (2023) / Edinburgh Castle 1.8 million (2017)
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- History
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Hanseatic League
Subsidiary Kontore (foreign trading post) -
Queens and Empresses
Mary I of Scotland gave birth to her son James in the Royal Palace within Edinburgh Castle. -
Located in a Former Capital
Scotland 1452 - 1707 -
Celtic history
Before the arrival of the Romans in the 1st century AD, the area around modern-day Edinburgh was inhabited by a Brythonic Celtic tribe known as the Votadini. The very name "Edinburgh" has Celtic origins. "Edin" derives from Eidyn, the name for the region in Cumbric, a Brittonic Celtic language that was formerly spoken there. -
Coronation Locations
Holyrood Abbey (ruined in 1768) was used for the Scottish coronation of Charles I in 1633. Scottish kings were traditionally crowned at Scone whilst sitting on the "Stone of Destiny". However this was captured by Edward I in 1296 and taken to Westminster where it was put into the English Throne. After a chequered history (see wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_of_Scone )it was returned to Scotland in 1996 and can be seen in Edinburgh Castle (though should be returned to Westminster for any future British coronations!) -
Sieges and Battles
Edinburgh Castle (The Lang Siege 1571 - 1573) -
Contains significant structures from the 21st Century
Scottish Parliament Building (2004)See en.wikipedia.org
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- Architecture
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Georgian Architecture
New Town -
Art Deco
St Andrew's HouseSee en.wikipedia.org
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Neoclassical architecture
New Town -
Gothic Revival
Scott Monument -
Gothic
Saint Giles' Cathedral -
Norman architecture
St. Margaret's Chapel, Edinburgh Castle (early 12th century) (wiki)See en.wikipedia.org
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- Damaged
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Cultural sites damaged by fire since inscription
Old town of Edinbugh had a major fire in Dec 2002.
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- World Heritage Process
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Perfect Inscriptions
1995 -
Developed since inscription
Scottish Parliament building (1999-2004)
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- Religion and Belief
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Cathedrals
St Giles High Kirk/Cathedral, St Mary's Metropolitan Cath -
Protestantism
St Giles "Cathedral" (Presbyterianism)
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- Human Activity
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Historical Graffiti
Edinburgh Castle, by 18th century Prisoners of War -
Festivals
Edinburgh Festival: Theatre, Music, Opera, Dance and Visual Arts. Many events take place inside inscribed buildings. Also Military Tattoo in the Castle. (Aug-Sep each year) -
Time Balls and Guns
1pm a Time gun from the Castle and ball from Calton HillSee www.timegun.org
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Crown Jewels
The Scottish Crown Jewels are on display in Edinburgh Castle -
Tramways
since 31/5/14 -
New Towns
"the neoclassical New Town, whose development from the 18th century onwards had a far-reaching influence on European urban planning" -
Significant masonic lodges
Lodge of Edinburgh No. 1 located in Edinburgh New Town -
Invention of sweets and pastries
Edinburgh rock or Edinburgh Castle rock: "It consists of sugar, water, cream of tartar, colourings and flavourings. It is formed into sticks, and has a soft and crumbly texture."
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- Constructions
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Music Academies
Royal Academy of Music -
Clock Tower
Balmoral Hotel clock tower (1902) -
Dog statues
"Greyfriars Bobby" - "was a Skye Terrier who became known in 19th-century Edinburgh for supposedly spending 14 years guarding the grave of his owner until he died himself on 14 January 1872". The story has made locations related to the dog tourist attractions - the main one is Greyfriars Kirkyard - "The dog's statue is opposite the graveyard's gate, at the junction of George IV Bridge and Candlemaker Row. SeeSee en.wikipedia.org
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Sites of Parliament
Scottish Parliament at Holyrood -
Equestrian Statues
Duke Of Wellington (1852) "The horse is Copenhagen, a favourite of the Duke's - a superb battle horse that was unflinched by gunfire. He was ridden by the Duke throughout the whole Battle of Waterloo. Later he was retired to the Duke's estate of Stratfield Saye where he died aged 29 in 1836 and was buried with full military honours." Also background to the politics of the statue in the link. Edinburgh also has an equestrian memorial to the Royal Scots Greys Regiment (1906) in West Princes St Gardens. It commemorates the regiment's service in the Boer War. -
Unfinished constructions
National Monument on Carlton Hill -
Obelisk
Political Martyrs' Monument: erected in 1844, "it commemorates five political reformists from the late 18th and early 19th centuries"See en.wikipedia.org
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Tunnels
Mid-19th century Scotland Street Tunnel -
Bandstand
Ross bandstand
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- WHS on Other Lists
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World Monuments Watch (past)
Edinburgh Graveyards (Concern about general deterioration) (2010) -
Sri Chinmoy Peace-Blossoms programme
Edinburgh, Scotland (25 Feb 94) - part of Sri Chinmoy National Peace Capitals -
Located in a TCC Territory
Scotland -
Creative Cities
LiteratureSee www.unesco.org
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- Timeline
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Built in the 18th century
New Town - The New Town was an 18th century solution to the problem of an increasingly crowded Old Town. In 1766 a competition to design the New Town was held.
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- WHS Hotspots
- Science and Technology
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Universities
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Libraries
National Library of ScotlandSee en.wikipedia.org
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- 18
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Marvel Cinematic Universe
Avengers: Infinity War; used as actual location in film, where Scarlet Witch and Vision must fight off Thanos' henchmen on the Royal Mile and in Waverley Station
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News
- edinburghnews.scotsman.com 11/28/2015
- Calls to protect Edinburgh world h…
- bighospitality.co.uk 10/13/2015
- Controversial hotel developments t…
- icscotland.icnetwork.co.uk 06/07/2013
- Medieval Tron Kirk site to reopen
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Community Reviews
Show full reviews
A well-reviewed city such as Edinburgh hardly needs additional adverts, so I will primarily add my voice to the general admiration that it produces from everyone who visits. I've been to Edinburgh several times over the last decade, most recently in March 2023, and my affection for it grows with each visit.
Despite its hilly topology, Edinburgh is a very walkable town, and major monuments and points of interest are practically all within walking distance from each other. Soaring monuments and church spires pop up in perspectives every few hundred steps or so. Sweeping panoramas open up from places such as the walls of the Castle, Calton Hill, Arthur's Seat (one single point of interest that requires a true hike to get to), or from rooftop terraces such as the one at the National Museum of Scotland. The numerous closes around the Royal Mile are the opposite of wide-open spaces and quite fun to walk through and linger at - hardly anything else anywhere gives you a similar feeling of seeing the "insides" of the city.
The color palette of Edinburgh's Old Town is rather muted, even on the sunniest of days, despite many architectural standouts throughout the town. Nonetheless, splashes of color are found in many quarters, most notably on Victoria Street or Cockburn Street. The New Town is brighter by design, with plenty of architectural standouts of its own.
Of the main attractions, Holyroodhouse Palace and Edinburgh Castle are each worth a visit. If you …
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I visited this WHS in July 2019. Right from the start I must say that Allan did a fantastic job showing us around this beautiful city (as an experience it would definitely merit 5 stars!). Even though I had already visited the Royal Mile closes and alleys, Calton Hill at sunset (photo), St Giles Cathedral, the Palace of Holyroodhouse and the old and new towns including Dean Village, Allan's attention to detail and perseverance in typical Scottish (wet) weather, together with the great company of WH travellers, made this WHS truly memorable.
The most popular and in my opinion the best views of Edinburgh are undoubtedly from Calton Hill and Arthur's Seat at sunset. Even though very crowded, I was lucky with the weather upon arrival and the sunset views were so beautiful that there was an awkward silence as tourists gazed at the sun going down almost behind the Forth Bridge in the distance. Formed by violent volcanic activity around 340 million years ago and gouged by glaciers during the Ice Age, Calton Hill has a long and fascinating history. In 1724, the Town Council of Edinburgh purchased Calton Hill, establishing it as one of Britain's first public parks.
My favourite closes and alleys along the Royal Mile were Advocate's Close at night time with a sort of eerie view of Scott Monument, the old fishery close, the bakery close where the World Heritage Trust of Scotland is situated, and Wardrop's Court with its peculiar blue dragons. …
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The first discarded leaves of autumn crunched underfoot where they lay scattered amongst the graves of Greyfriars Kirkyard. They served as a thematic link to the tombstones – proper 18th century grave-markers carved with macabre skeletal figures and empty-eyed skulls. Why dress things up? The seasons turn and we age. Change is inevitable. Death is inevitable. The new replaces the old. And nowhere is that truer than in Edinburgh, where the filth and jumble of what we know as the ‘Old Town’ was abandoned for the sterility and order of the New Town across the Nor Loch. These two aspects of Edinburgh were jointly and justifiably inscribed as a single World Heritage Site. This was a fitting tribute to Auld Reekie’s split personality, a city where Deacon Brodie could serve as a respected councillor by day and rob by night, where the professors of medicine could procure fresh corpses for their anatomy classes from body-snatchers, and which influenced native son Robert Louis Stevenson to pen The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde.
This was probably my tenth visit to Edinburgh, though my first as a pure sight-seer. Previous visits had been for weddings or stag dos, to see friends, to watch or to perform at August’s Fringe Festival or for work. As my wife pointed out, “The rules are different when you’re a tourist. Even more so when you have a child.” And so on this trip we did all the touristy stuff: visiting the castle, …
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Despite being a Brit this was my first time visiting Scotland when I travelled with friends in December 2016.
After checking in to our accommodation in the heart of Old Town we first visited the cathedral, named after St Giles. It is smaller than I expected from such an important city, but that probably stems from the fact it was built in an area that was already bustling, in the heart of Auld Reekie (as it was nicknamed for its smell). We stopped off beside a statue of Adam Smith, the father of modern economics and a face you can see on the £20 note (although ironically not on the Scottish version).
Highlights of my time in Edinburgh included a whisky museum, hiking up for the view from Arthur's Seat and enjoying some of the historic pubs in Edinburgh's New Town.
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As magnificent as it is, Edinburgh had escaped from my itineraries for a while, perhaps due to its a bit out-of-the-way location; this was only my 3rd visit to Edinburgh.
It's always such a pleasure to stroll here.
One thing to note about the Edinburgh WHS is that the New Town is already 3 centuries old and is noted for the Neoclassical architecture. The New Town also has a lot of explore.
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Edinburgh is a special city: grey, Gothic, and Georgian, yet still warm and welcoming. Past meets present in both the Old and New Town. This is no more visible than the two ends of the Old Town's Royal Mile, where visitors can start their day at the imposing Edinburgh Castle, then walk downhill past churches, kiltmakers, and cafes before reaching the very modern Scottish Parliament building. The heights of the Old Town with its winding streets and layered alleys tower above the orderly New Town with its parks and townhouses. Edinburgh is a city of education, with a famous medical school, and a city of literature, with a writer's museum and a monument dedicated solely to Sir Walter Scott. I've been to Edinburgh twice now, most recently last October, and it was as amazing to visit the second time as the first. I can't think of anything more to say that hasn't already been said in other reviews. By all means, if you haven't been, Edinburgh is well worth a visit.
Logistics: Edinburgh is extremely walkable, although there are busses and trams throughout. I highly recommend climbing to the top of Calton Hill or Arthur's Seat for tremendous views of the city.
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In determining the Top 200 among WHS, we are constantly reassessing a certain site’s uniqueness on a global scale. The Old and New Towns of Edinburgh became a WHS because of juxtapositional Urban Planning: the organically grown medieval Old Town versus the planned 18th/19th century New Town. “The dramatic topography of the Old Town combined with the planned alignments of key buildings in both the Old and the New Town results in spectacular views and panoramas and an iconic skyline.”
So if the Skyline is what makes it different, Edinburgh should particularly be enjoyed from a high viewpoint. On a crisp Sunday morning in December, I walked the short and easy trail to the top of Calton Hill. This is a setting very typical of Edinburgh: it’s one of several hills surrounding the city center, dotted with monuments and memorials to historic Scotsmen. I wasn’t the only one enjoying the morning here: especially young Asian tourists (or are they students?) know about the place too. This spot allows unobstructed views of both the Old and New Towns. You supposedly can see as far as the Forth Bridge, although I wasn’t able to spot its red arches.
There’s plenty to discover: landmarks such as the Castle and the Hotel Balmoral of course. But also the numerous thin, (neo)gothic spires that stand out like needles piercing the sky. The obelisk of the Political Martyrs' Monument and the Scott Monument are two eye-catching examples of these.
The Edinburgh City Council …
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The Old Town is one of the most beautiful areas in one of the most interesting cities in Europe. From Edinburgh Castle, the Royal Mile leads to the Holyrood Palace and the Scottish Parliament. This is definitely the most touristy part of the Scottish capital which embodies history, history, history... Many attractions, souvenir shops and Kilt Makers make the city of Edinburgh everything you would expect. In the side streets you will find many quaint pubs, night clubs, restaurants and cafes. Even the best museums in the city can be found in the immediate vicinity. The Back Alley opens to a breathtaking view of the opposite New Town.
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I've had the great pleasure of spending 6 months in Scotland as a student. During this amazing opportunity I spent countless days exploring every corner and side street of Edinburgh. From Calton Hill, the Scott Monument, the Royal Mile, Hollyrood House, Greyfriar's Church, Edinburgh Castle, the museum and galleries in New Town, the new and old Scottish Parliament, and Arthur's Seat. I even made the long (but enjoyable) urban trek from central Edinburgh to Leith Harbour.
The museums are excellent. The National Museum of Scotland, Scottish Portrait Gallery, Scottish National Gallery, Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art, and the Writer's Museum are all worth visiting, if you have the time.
One perk of Edinburgh is that the sites are often free or inexpensive! Exception is the overpriced Edinburgh Castle. Edinburgh is an exceptional world heritage city, and one of the most enjoyable cities to exlpore on foot or public transportation. I think the map of the inscribed property could even be expanded to include other historic areas of the city. This is however unlikely to happen because of developmental concerns.
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To my mind this is Britain’s finest World Heritage Site, both in terms of what there is to see and also the visiting experience.
I knew that Edinburgh was a rather hilly city, but I was still surprised by just how craggy it was. The castle sits atop an extraordinarily high outcrop, especially when viewed from the bottom of Princes Street Gardens, which sit in the ravine that divides the old and new towns. To my surprise Edinburgh also manages to contain a ‘mountain’ in the heart of the city, with the looming presence of Salisbury Crags and Arthurs Seat providing the backdrop for the new Parliament Building and Holyrood Palace.
The World heritage inscription makes a point of this being the Old and New towns of Edinburgh and there is a very big difference between them. The Old town feels very medieval, focused around the touristy Royal Mile. I enjoyed strolling along here, but had more fun ducking off down the side alleys to clamber up and down streets of stairs or fine lovely secluded parks like Dunbar Gardens. The well planned New town reminded me of Dublin and Bath, and I really enjoyed strolling around here and heading down to the Stockbridge area for a leisurely brunch on Saturday morning.
The differences between the Old and New towns were a large inspiration on Jekyll and Hyde, written by Edinburgh native Robert Louis Stevenson. This is just one of the points that illustrates Edinburgh’s huge literary heritage. It ranges …
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Edinburgh remains one of my most favorite cities. I love the history and the modern city as well. The Castle has magnificent views and is magnificent itself from the Honors of Scotland to the War Memorial to St. Margaret's Chapel. Holyrood at the other end of the Royal Mile has it's own attractions with a fascinating hall of portraits to the tower where Mary Queen of Scot's secretary was killed. But then there is the Grassmarket as someone else has mentioned and the fantastic Museum of Scotland. You can go to Sandy's Bells and hear music that has been sounding through Scotland for centuries. An then there is New Town and the Georgian House and Thistle and Rose Lanes and food and drink. And then you can take the long walk to Leith and think again about Mary Queen of Scots and her first ride up to Edinburgh from the port. What a wonderful place.
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Well... what can I say? Edinburgh just sweeps me out of my feet! New Town is exquisite, elegant and charming, but Old Town is my absolute favourite. I went there on an "exploration" trip because I'm going to live there for at least a year, and as I live in an island(also gorgeous to death - Sao Miguel in the Azores), I had to know how far from the sea I would be... Well, the first thing I herd as I woke up were seagulls..I felt right at home! Edinburgh has the best part of a world capital along with a cosy feeling of a small town. You cn't help but to feel at home!
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Everybody should visit Edinburgh at least once in their lives, and if possible go during the summer festival, the Fringe Festival, the Tattoo Festival... all worth seeing, great people and great views. I've visited Edinburgh several times, and it seems I can't get enough of it, its people are really welcoming and charming, and don't worry if you are on your own, get into a pub and most certainly you'll feel at home.
Aye! I'd like to live in that wonderful city!
Cheers!
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The old city of Edinburgh is a world heritage site by itself. The attractions include the Castle on the hill overlooking Princes Street (Oxford Street of the Scottish Capital), Palace of Holyroodhouse, The Royal Mile in between, Arthur's Seat (an extinct volcano) in Holyrood Park, St Giles Cathedral (small for a cathedral but containing the chapel of the Knights of the Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle), The Firth of Forth, the University, St. Mary's catholic cathedral, numerous other old churches, the street where Sean Connery was born and was a milkman(he doesn't live there any more). I was there during the Festival in August, which is the largest Art event in the world. The city swells up in population as people from all over the world come to join in the festivities. You will never be bored because of the thrilling sounds of the bagpipes wafting over the hills. Don't miss the Military Tattoo if you can help it. They call it the "Greatest Show in the World", P.T. Barnum notwithstanding. The well-travelled Irish flautist James Galway once said that this city is his favourite city in the world.
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Ahhh. Edinburgh...(or as the locals say, "ed-in-bur-ah")
Have you ever had the feeling, say walking in a city, that you have been there before, but in actuality you have never been there before? The city itself is one of the most beautiful cities I have ever seen, and I can't help getting "that" feeling walking the streets. Small cobblestone walkways that lead to closes, everywhere there is history. Every corner you turn,there is a story to be heard. If you have even a small imagination, you can picture what it was like here in the middle ages. The people are super friendly, the food is wonderful. (yes, and even try the haggis) The grassmarket area is my favourite, where there are a few small pubs and lots of great restaurants. And check out my friends band The Roods who usually play at Finnegan's wake every week for some great celtic rock.
For a party BETTER than Mardi Gras, try Hogmanay or Festival. I have been to both, and wish to be nowhere else on New years eve but here. There is no city in the world, where i would give up my citizenship, to be. As I wipe a tear from my eye! London is great, Paris is greater, but Edinburgh is out of this world!
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Much of the architectural style in Edinbugh is consistent which gives a sense of order and identity. Edinburgh is also situated against the North Sea, which provides a sense of openness. The one thing that amazed me when I was there was how the weather varies literally from street to street. You can be walking on one side of the street where the clouds obstruct the sun and it maybe raining and on the opposite side of the street it will be sunny. Wonderful city.
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OK, so I did not try the haggis (there have to be limits), but I still enjoyed Edinburgh a lot (maybe because I skipped the haggis?..). The new town from the 17th and 18th centuries is well preserved, but was less interesting to me; the medieval old town, however, is wonderful and a great place to stroll. The castle, especially, is a great place to explore and really a treasure trove of Scottish history. If you get the chance, go see a performance of the Military Tattoo, held every August in front of the castle entrance. Really a great experience, and the bagpipers are definitely great musicians, even if I had had my doubts about this before. Also worth a visit is the suburb of Leith, where the royal yacht Britannia lies at anchor and can be visited. Plus Edinburgh is a good place for visits to other parts of Scotland, after this great city has given you an introduction to this country's peculiar culture, history, and language (you get to used to it..).
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