Timurlane et al 1530 - 1630

Kingdom of Jerusalem 1187-1291

Scotland 1452 - 1707

Portugal 1095 - 1131

Republic 9th century -1797

Georgia 3rd Century BC - 5th Century AD

Russian Empire 1712-1918

Brazil 1549-1763

Inca Empire 13th Century - 1533

Abbasids

Xi'an (Chang'an) several times

Castile 11th - 15th Century

Kingdom of Naples (1282 - 1816)

(1612 - 1815)

Chalukya Kingdom (c. 543-757)

Vietnam (1775-1945)

Khmer Empire

Western Roman Empire (402-476)

Agra, the former capital of Mughal Empire (1526 - 1658)

Hindu Kingdom of Vijayanagara

Republic of Genoa

Republic of Siena, 1115-1555

Republic of Pisa

Morocco (several times)

Kingdom of Valencia (1237-1707)

Duchy of Mantua (1273-1707)

Duchy of Lorraine

Amalfi, capital of Republic of Amalfi and Duchy of Amalfi

Parts of Aragon's Mudejar are in Zaragoza, former capital of Kingdom of Aragon

Principality of Orange (1163-1713)

Republic of Novgorod (12th-15th centuries)

Bergen, capital of Norway (1070-1299)

Stari Ras, capital of medieval Serbian state of Raska, 825-997

Delhi, Capital of Sultanate of Delhi (1206-1526)

Ancient Champa Kingdom

Wittenberg was a capital of Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg (1260-1356)

Tiwanaku Empire, 300-1000

Tibetan Empire

Capital of Principality of Achaea (1249-1261) and Despotate of Morea (1380-1460)

Capital of Kingdom of Galicia (410-1833)

Of Portuguese East Africa until c 1898

Seuthopolis, Capital of ancient Thrace, 5th-3rd Centuries BC

Kairouan - capital of Aghlabid Kingdom

It has variously been capital of Senegal, Afrique Occidentale Fran?aise (AOF) and Mauritania when that entity was regarded as being separate from AOF.

Capital of Chavin 900-400 BC

Oconaluftee, the former Cherokee Capital, located within the park.

first capital of the Saudi Dynasty

Former residence of Vietnamese monarchs until 1810, when Hu? became the capital

The Ho Citadel was the capital of the Tran dynasty from 1398-9 and of the Ho dynasty from 1400 when Ho Quy Ly put his son on the throne by marrying him to a Tran princess, until 1407.(AB ev)

Leon, capital of Nicaragua several times in history (alternating with Granada)

Capital of the Hanseatic League 1361-1535

remains of three capital sites

Muharraq served as capital of Bahrain until 1923

capital of Portugal (from 1131 to 1255)

includes Hoa Lu, the ancient capital of Viet Nam in the 10th and 11th centuries (AB ev)

Of the Shaki Khanate (between 1743 and 1819)

As-Salt was the capital of Transjordan before this was moved to Amman. (AB Ev)

Urbino was the capital of the Duchy of Urbino, which was an independent state from 1443 until 1625.
See en.wikipedia.org

"Kaunas served as capital of the new nation-state from 1919 to 1939" (AB ev)

Japan (794 - 1868)

Carthaginian Empire, 814BC-146BC

The city was the capital of Brazil for nearly two centuries, from 1763 to 1815 during the Portuguese colonial era, 1815 to 1821 as the capital of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and Algarves, and 1822 to 1960 as an independent nation (wiki)

Turin, the first capital of unified Italy

From the Mongol invasion up to 1501 was the capital of various Turkoman states centered on Azerbaijan and, from 1501-48 of the Safavid Iranian Empire of Shah Ismail I

Soltaniyeh used to be the capital of Ilkhanid rulers of Persia in the 14th century.

Principality of Regensburg (1803-1810)

Shang Dynasty (1766 BC - 1050 BC)

"the Tai-Ahom kingdom, which had its capital at Charaideo from the 13th to the 19th centuries" (AB ev)

The remains of the 16th century capital of the state of Gujarat

Capital of Lycia

Babylon was the capital of the Neo-Babylonian Empire
See en.wikipedia.org

First capital of ancient Assyrian Empire

Capital of ancient Macedonia

Avignon Republic (1135-1226)

Capital of Portuguese colony (as Ribeira Grande), moved to Praia in 1770

Capital of (Grand) Duchy of Saxe-Weimar

Capital of Kingdom of Fez (1472-1554)

Holy Roman Empire (800 - 814)

Buda on several occasions

Palmyrene Empire of Zenobia (260-273)

Rozwi Empire (1684-1834)

Convent of St. Galle is located in St. Gallen which was a capitol city of independent principality in 13th century.

Morocco (1672-1727)

Russia (1169 - 1327)

Almohad Empire (1170-1212)

Quedlinburg is dubbed as Germany's First Capital, having been the place where Heinrich der Vogler (Henry the Fowler) was offered the German crown in 919 by Franconian nobles. Henry's son, Otto I (Otto the Great) became king of the Holy Roman Empire.

Kingdom of Polonnaruwa (1055 -1284)

Achaemenid Empire - Cyrus

Achaemenid Empire - Darius

Shah Abbas the Great 16th century - 1722

Kingdom of Kongo

capital of Fiji (1871-1877) (wiki)

"It is the former capital of Khwarezmia and the Khanate of Khiva" (wiki)

Hittite Empire, 1650 BC-1250 BC

Kingdom 1250-1492

Ragusa Republic (1032-1808)

Sarmizegetusa Regia was the capital of the Dacians

Western Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba (756-1031)

Two of the Chola Temples are located in Thanjavor and Gangaikonda Cholapuram, ancient capitals of Chola Empire (850-1279)

Capital of Norte Chico civilization 2600-2000 BC

Knowth served as the capital of Brega in the 9th century. It became the capital of united Ireland in the 10th century under Cormac MacMaelmithic.

Gjirokastra, former Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus
See en.wikipedia.org

1350-1767 - Ayuttaya Kingdom (Siam)

"From the 1st century BCE to the 1st century CE, the ancient city became the capital of the kingdom of the Qahtan-Madhhij. Between the 2nd and 3rd centuries CE, under Abyssinian pressures in the Hejaz, the city became the capital of the kingdom of Kinda, which reinforced its position as a key milestone for caravans crossing Arabia." (AB Ev)

Aksumite Kingdom (400 BC- 10th century)

Capital of Numidia until 46 BC

Sardis was the capital of the Lydian Kingdom

Winter capital of Kushan Empire (60 - 375)

Zabid was the capital of Yemen from the 13th to the 15th century

Datong was the capital during Northern Wei Dynasty (386-493)

Russia (1611 - 1612)

Israel May-dec 1948

Hangzhou was the former capital of the Wuyue Kingdom from 907 to 978 during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period and then that of the Southern Song Dynasty when they regrouped after their defeat at the hands of the Jin in 1123. It was known as Lin'an and remained the capital from the early 12th century until the Mongol invasion of 1276. (wiki)

Several, starting with Holy Roman Empire (1558 - 1806)

Former capital of Champasak Kingdom

Located in Gao, capital of Songhai Empire (1340-1591)

Spain 15th century -1561

Kingdom of Thessalonica (1204-1224)

Teotihuacano Empire, 200 BC-750

Located in Qufu which served as the capital of the State of Lu during the Spring and Autumn Period

Agra, the former capital of Mughal Empire (1526 - 1658)

Due to a political plan desired by Constans II, Syracuse became the capital of the Byzantine Empire in place of Constantinople, from 663 to 668. (wiki)
See it.wikipedia.org

Elamite capital

Sultanate of Zanzibar (1856-1964)

New York was capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790

From 1274, Xanadu became Kublai's summer capital (Capital of the Yuan Dynasty)

first capital of the dynasty

Milan, the former capital of Ambrosian Republic (1447 - 1450) and Cisalpine Republic (1797-1802)

Cuba 1522-1589

Ishanapura, the capital city of the Chenla Empire

Salzburg has been the capital of an independent state from the early 14th century until 1805

Chennakeshava Temple is located in Belur which was the capital of the Capital of the Hoysala Kingdom in 1048–1062.

Australia 1901-27

Including sites in Poitier, capital of powerful Duchy of Aquitain, Toulouse and Arles which also were capital cities

Roskilde, Denmark (c.1020 1443)

Capital of Mughal Empire (1649-1857)

Capital of New France, the area colonized by France in North America

mythical first capital of Oman, second capital of the Kingdom of Hormuz

Capital of Dilmun

Memphis was capital of Lower Egypt during Old Kingdom until 2200 BC

Nabathean Capital 700 BC-106

It became the capital of the Kingdom of Pergamon during the Hellenistic period, under the Attalid dynasty, 281-133 BC. (wiki)

In Greco-Roman times Paphos was the capital of Cyprus

Karakorum 13/14th century Genghis Khan; Khar Balgas was the capital of the Uighur Empire, which governed the area for around 100 years in the 8th and 9th centuries.

Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099-1187)

Ancient Zapotec

Parthian Empire

During the Western Han Dynasty, the ancient city of Chengcun was the capital of the Minyue kingdom

Duchy 1452-1860

Includes the site of Tenochtitlan, capital of the Aztec Empire 1325-1521

Located in Malbork, formerly Marienburg, the capital of the State of the Teutonic Order (1308–1454)
See en.wikipedia.org

Capital of Sindh 1592-1739

Kingdom of Luang Prabang and later Laos (1707-1975)

Benevento was the capital of the Duchy of Benevento, and after 774, of the Principality of Benevento.
See en.wikipedia.org

Luoyang was the Northern Wei capital from 493-534 and during the Tang dynasty (904?907)

Orleans (Part of Loire Valley), capital city of Merovingian kingdom of Orleans and later Duchy of Orleans

Liangzhu City was the capital and power centre of the whole Liangzhu society (AB ev)

Kievan Rus 882-1169

Capital of Khwarezmia 1077-1221

Poland on several occasions

"Koh Ker was a capital of the Khmer Empire between 921 and 944 CE" (AB ev)

Koguryo Kingdom (277 BC to AD 668)

Located in Baratpur, capital of Maharajah of Baratpur (1670-1947)

Khanate of Kazan (1438-1552)

The last independent Kingdom of Sri Lanka (1592- 1815)

capital of Korea during the Koryo Dynasty

During 30 years in the 10th century Jelling was the capital of unified Denmark under Harald Blatand.

Byzantine Empire 330-1453, Ottoman Empire 1453-1920

In Philadelphia, the first capital city of USA (1790s)

The tomb of the first Ming emperor is located in Nanjing, the first capital of Ming Dynasty and capital city of Repubic of China

Delhi, Capital of Sultanate of Delhi (1206-1526)

Silla Kingdom

Shuri, the capital of ancient Ryukyu Kingdom

Vichy "was the capital of Vichy France from 1940 to 1942." .. "Vichy would be, for more than four years, the de facto capital of the French State. Paris was still the official capital, although the Vichy France government never operated from there. "
See en.wikipedia.org

French colonial capital of Cote d'Ivoire

Dessau, capital of Duchy of Anhalt-Dessau (1396-1853)

Guggenheim Museum: New York was capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790

In 1844,(Cape Castle)became the seat of the colonial Government of the British Gold Coast." "The Gold Coast Colony, established on July 24, 1874, comprised the coastal areas and extended inland as far as the ill-defined borders of Asante"..."Shortly after ... the British moved the colonial capital from Cape Coast to the former Danish castle at Christiansborg in Accra". (Wiki)

Lahore, capital of Mughal Empire (1584-1598)

Tuscany 1569-1860, Italy 1865-71

Duchies of Modena and Ferrara

Mughal Empire (1571-1585)

Gondar, old imperial capital city of Ethiopia

Chimu Capital 850-1470

Canal du midi is in Toulouse, ancient capital of the Visigoths (418-508)

Bursa was the first capital of the Ottoman State between 1335 and 1413

Samanid 850- 999, Khanate of Bukhara c1530- 1922

From the 9th to 13th centuries, the city was the capital of the Pagan Kingdom, the first kingdom that unified the regions that would later constitute modern Myanmar. (wiki)

Baekje Kingdom (Gongju, Buyeo)

Asturian Kingdom

Capital of Kingdom of Arles (933-1378)

Seat of Spanish colonial government for the Kingdom of Guatemala, which included Chiapas (southern Mexico), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica

Egypt during 11th and 18th Dynasties

Japan from 710 to 784

Madagascar 1710-1787

Bahla Fort was the capital of Banu Nebhan tribe during 12th-15th centuries

1238- 1438 Sukhothai Kingdom (Siam)

Anuradapura Kingdom (382BC - 1018)

Capital of Sri Lanka during the reign of parricidal King Kassapa I (477-495)

East Berlin (GDR) (1949 - 1990)

Schwerin was the capital of the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1815-1918).
See en.wikipedia.org

"capital of the Phrygian polity" (AB ev)

Melaka - Capital of Sultanate of Malacca (1402-1511)

Arslantepe was the capital of the autonomous Neo-Hittite kingdom of Melid/Malatya (Iron Age, 1100-712). (Nomination Text, p. 54)

Located in Turkestan which is assumed to have been Beitan, Capital of Kangju 250 BC-300

Ur was the capital of Sumer during the 3rd millennium BC

Between 961 and 1045, it was the capital of the Bagratid Armenian kingdom that covered much of present-day Armenia and eastern Turkey (wiki)

Abbasid Caliphate (836-892)

Abomey - Capital of the Dahomey Kingdom 1625-1892

Hammadid Empire (1008-1090)

Bulgarian Empire 990-1015; also Ohrid, then named Lychnidos, was the capital city of the Illyrian Dassaretii.

possibly the Turquoise Mountain, the lost medieval Afghan (Ghurid) capital until 1220